1 17 U.S.C. � 102 (1994).
2 U.S. Const. art. I, � 8, cl. 8; see Russ Versteeg, Rethinking Originality, 34 Wm. & Mary L. Rev., 801, 802–03 (1993).
3 Feist Publ’ns, Inc. v. Rural Tel. Serv. Co., 499 U.S. 340, 347 (1991).
4 See id. at 345.
5 See id.
6 See Versteeg, supra note 2, at 803–04.
7 See id.
8 See id.
9 See id.
10 See Jessica Litman, The Public Domain, 39 Emory L.J. 965, 1008 (1990).
11 See id. at 966–67.
12 See, e.g., id.; David Lange, Recognizing the Public Domain, 44 Law & Contemp. Probs. 156, 156 (1981); Mark Lemley, Romantic Authorship and the Rhetoric of Property, 75 Tex. L. Rev. 873, 886–87 (1997); Hannibal Travis, Comment, Pirates of the Information Infrastructure: Blackstonian Copyright and the First Amendment, Berkeley Tech. L.J. 777, 813–25 (2000).
13 See, e.g., James Boyle, A Theory of Law and Information: Copyright, Spleens, Blackmail, and Insider Trading, 80 Cal. L. Rev. 1413, 1466–67 (1992); Litman, supra note 10, at 1008–09.
14 See, e.g., Boyle, supra note 13, at 1466–67; Litman, supra note 10, at 966–68, 1008–09.
15 See Litman, supra note 10, at 1008–09.
16 See, e.g., Boyle, supra note 13, at 1466–67; Litman, supra note 10, at 966–68, 1008–09.
17 See Peter Jaszi, Toward a Theory of Copyright: The Metamorphoses of “Authorship,” 1991 Duke L.J. 455, 461–63, 482–85 (1991).
18 See id. at 482–85.
19 See id.
20 See id.
21 See Boyle, supra note 13, at 1466–67.
22 See id.
23 See Litman, supra note 10, at 966–68.
24 See infra notes 31–107 and accompanying text.
25 See infra notes 108–152 and accompanying text.
26 See infra notes 153–242 and accompanying text.
27 See infra notes 243–305 and accompanying text.
28 See, e.g., William M. Landes & Richard A. Posner, An Economic Analysis of Copyright Law, 18 J. Legal Stud. 325, 325–26 (1989); Lemley, supra note 12, at 895.
29 See, e.g., Landes & Posner, supra note 28, at 325–26; Lemley, supra note 12, at 895.
30 See, e.g., Landes & Posner, supra note 28, at 325–26; Lemley, supra note 12, at 895.
31 See Feist Publ’ns, Inc. v. Rural Tel. Serv. Co., 499 U.S. 340, 345–347 (1991); Bleistein v. Donaldson Lithographing Co., 188 U.S. 239, 249–52 (1903); Burrow-Giles Lithographic Co. v. Sarony, 111 U.S. 53, 54–55, 60 (1884); Alfred Bell & Co. v. Catalda Fine Arts, Inc., 191 F.2d 99, 104 (2d Cir. 1951); Peter Jaszi, On the Author Effect: Contemporary Copyright and Collective Creativity, in The Construction of Authorship: Textual Appropriation in Law and Literature 36–40 (Martha Woodmansee & Peter Jaszi eds., 1994); Alfred C. Yen, Copyright Opinions and Aesthetic Theory, 71 S. Cal. L. Rev., 247, 267–75 (1998).
32 See Feist, 499 U.S. at 345–47; Bleistein, 188 U.S. at 249–52; Sarony, 111 U.S. at 54–55, 60; Catalda, 191 F.2d at 104; Boyle, supra note 13, at 1466–67.
33 111 U.S. at 54–55, 60.
34 Id. at 56, 59.
35 Id. at 56–59.
36 Id. at 57–58.
37 See id.
38 Sarony, 111 U.S. at 59–60.
39 See id. at 60.
40 Id.
41 Id.
42 Id.
43 See 188 U.S. at 249–52; Boyle, supra note 13, at 1466–67.
44 Bleistein, 188 U.S. at 248, 252.
45 Id. at 248.
46 Id.
47 Id. at 249.
48 See id.
49 See Bleistein, 188 U.S. at 249–50.
50 Id. at 250.
51 See id. at 251–52.
52 See id.
53 See id. at 251.
54 See Bleistein, 188 U.S. at 251–52.
55 See id.
56 See id. at 249–50, 251–52.
57 See id. at 249–50.
58 See id.
59 See Bleistein, 188 U.S. at 249–50, 251–52.
60 See id. at 249–50. The Court accentuated the point by asserting that ordinary handwriting expresses the “author’s” personality, and is thus copyrightable. Id.
61 See id.; Boyle, supra note 13, at 1466–67.
62 See Catalda, 191 F.2d at 104, 106; Alfred Bell & Co. v. Catalda Fine Arts, Inc., 74 F. Supp. 973, 975 (S.D.N.Y. 1947).
63 Catalda, 74 F. Supp. at 974–75.
64 Id. at 975.
65 Id.
66 Id.
67 Id.; Bleistein, 188 U.S. at 249–50.
68 Catalda, 191 F.2d at 103–05; see Bleistein, 188 U.S. at 249–50.
69 Catalda, 191 F.2d at 103.
70 Id. at 102–03.
71 Id. at 104–05.
72 See id.; Bleistein, 188 U.S. at 249–50.
73 499 U.S. at 340; Jaszi, supra note 31, at 37.
74 499 U.S. at 363–64.
75 Id. at 342.
76 Id. at 343–44.
77 Id. at 345.
78 See Feist, 499 U.S. at 345–47; Bleistein, 188 U.S. at 249–50; Sarony, 111 U.S. at 59–60.
79 See Feist, 499 U.S. at 345–46.
80 Id.
81 Id. at 347, 361–62.
82 17 U.S.C. � 101 (1994).
83 Feist, 499 U.S. at 362–64.
84 Id. at 362–63.
85 Id.
86 Id. at 363.
87 Id.
88 See Feist, 499 U.S. at 362–64.
89 See id. at 345–46; Catalda, 191 F.2d at 104–05.
90 See Feist, 499 U.S. at 345.
91 Ets-Hokin v. Skyy Spirits, Inc., 225 F.3d 1068 (9th Cir. 2000); Key Publ’ns, Inc. v. Chinatown Today Publ’g Enter., Inc., 945 F.2d 509 (2d Cir. 1991).
92 See Ets-Hokin, 225 F.3d at 1076–77; Key Publ’ns, 945 F.2d at 512–13.
93 See 945 F.2d at 511, 514.
94 Id. at 511.
95 Id. at 513–14.
96 Id. at 514.
97 Id.
98 Key Publ’ns, 945 F.2d at 513–14; see Feist, 499 U.S. at 345.
99 Key Publ’ns, 945 F.2d at 513.
100 Id. at 514; see Feist, 499 U.S. at 345.
101 225 F.3d at 1071, 1077.
102 Id. at 1071–72.
103 Id. at 1073, 1076–77.
104 Id. at 1076–77.
105 See id.; Bleistein, 188 U.S. at 249–50.
106 Ets-Hokin, 225 F.3d at 1076–77; see Feist, 499 U.S. at 345.
107 Ets-Hokin, 225 F.3d at 1077.
108 See Yen, supra note 31, at 248–50.
109 See id. at 249; Bleistein, 188 U.S. at 251–52.
110 See Yen, supra note 31, at 250, 273–75.
111 See id. at 247, 249–50, 273–75; Bleistein, 188 U.S. at 249–50, 251–52.
112 See Bleistein, 188 U.S. at 249–50, 251–52; Yen, supra note 31, at 247, 249–50, 273–75.
113 See Yen, supra note 31, at 273–75.
114 See id. at 253–56, 261–62.
115 See id. at 253, 261–62.
116 See id. at 261–62.
117 See id. at 254, 262.
118 See Yen, supra note 31, at 254–55, 262.
119 See id. at 255.
120 See id.
121 See id. at 257.
122 See id. at 256–57, 263.
123 See Yen, supra note 31, at 256–57, 263.
124 See id. at 257–58.
125 See id.
126 See id.
127 See id.
128 See Yen, supra note 31, at 260.
129 See id.
130 See id. at 251, 260 & n.15.
131 See id. at 274–75, 300–01.
132 See id. at 274–75.
133 See Burrow-Giles Lithographic Co. v. Sarony, 111 U.S. 53, 59–60 (1884); Yen, supra note 31, at 267, 274.
134 See Sarony, 111 U.S. at 60; Yen, supra note 31, at 274.
135 See Sarony, 111 U.S. at 60; Yen, supra note 31, at 268, 274.
136 See Sarony, 111 U.S. at 60; Yen, supra note 31, at 268, 274.
137 See Bleistein, 188 U.S. at 249–50; Yen, supra note 31, at 274.
138 See Bleistein, 188 U.S. at 251–52; Yen, supra note 31, at 274.
139 See Alfred Bell & Co. v. Catalda Fine Arts, Inc., 191 F.2d 99, 102–03, 104–05 (2d Cir. 1951); Yen, supra note 31, at 274–75.
140 See Catalda, 191 F.2d at 102–03; Yen, supra note 31, at 255, 275.
141 See Catalda, 191 F.2d at 102–03, 104–05; Yen, supra note 31, at 255, 275.
142 See Yen, supra note 31, at 273–75.
143 See 111 U.S. at 60; Yen, supra note 31, at 273.
144 See 188 U.S. at 249–50, 251–52; Yen, supra note 31, at 273–74.
145 See 191 F.2d at 102–03, 104–05; Yen, supra note 31, at 272–73, 274.
146 See Bleistein, 188 U.S. at 249–50; Sarony, 111 U.S. at 60; Catalda, 191 F.2d at 102–03, 104–05; Yen, supra note 31, at 273–75.
147 See Bleistein, 188 U.S. at 249–50; Sarony, 111 U.S. at 60; Catalda, 191 F.2d at 102–03, 104–05; Yen, supra note 31, at 248, 299.
148 See Bleistein, 188 U.S. at 249–50; Sarony, 111 U.S. at 60; Catalda, 191 F.2d at 102–03, 104–05; Yen, supra note 31, at 260, 299.
149 See Yen, supra note 31, at 301.
150 See id. at 301–02.
151 See id. at 260, 299, 300.
152 See Boyle, supra note 13, at 1466–67; Jaszi, supra note 17, at 481–83; Litman, supra note 10, at 1009.
153 See 111 U.S. at 60; Boyle, supra note 13, at 1466–67; Jaszi, supra note 17, at 481; Litman, supra note 10, at 1008–09.
154 See 111 U.S. at 60; Jaszi, supra note 17, at 481; Litman, supra note 10, at 1008–09.
155 See Jaszi, supra note 17, at 460–63, 484–85; see also Feist Publ’ns, Inc. v. Rural Tel. Serv. Co., 499 U.S. 340, 363 (1991).
156 See 191 F.2d 99, 102–03, 104–05 (2d Cir. 1951); Jaszi, supra note 17, at 484–85; Litman, supra note 10, at 1009–11.
157 See Boyle, supra note 13, at 1466–67.
158 See infra notes 161–231 and accompanying text.
159 See Boyle, supra note 13, at 1466–67; Jaszi, supra note 17, at 460–63, 481–85; Litman, supra note 10, at 965–67, 1008–11.
160 See Boyle, supra note 13, at 1463–67, 1533–34; Jaszi, supra note 17, at 460–63, 481–85; Litman, supra note 10, at 965–67, 1008–11.
161 See Boyle, supra note 13, at 1464–67, 1526–27; Litman, supra note 10, at 965–67, 1008.
162 See Litman, supra note 10, at 965–67, 1008–11.
163 See id. at 966–67, 1008–11; Terry Eagleton, Literary Theory 113, 129–30, 136, 138 (1983).
164 See Eagleton, supra note 163, at 113, 129–30, 138; Litman, supra note 10, at 965–67, 1008–09.
165 See Litman, supra note 10, at 965–67, 1008–09.
166 See id. at 1008–09; Boyle, supra note 13, at 1466–67.
167 See Boyle, supra note 13, at 1466–67; Litman, supra note 10, at 1008–09.
168 See Eagleton, supra note 163, at 113, 129–30, 138; Litman, supra note 10, at 965–67, 1008–11.
169 See Eagleton, supra note 163, at 113, 129–30, 138; Litman, supra note 10, at 965–67, 1008–11.
170 See Eagleton, supra note 163, at 113, 129–30, 138; Litman, supra note 10, at 965–67, 1008–11.
171 See Eagleton, supra note 163, at 113, 129–30, 138; Litman, supra note 10, at 965–67, 1008–11.
172 Eagleton, supra note 163, at 138.
173 See id. at 113, 129–30, 138; Litman, supra note 10, at 965–67, 1008–11.
174 See Eagleton, supra note 163, at 113, 129–30, 138; Litman, supra note 10, at 965–67, 1008–11.
175 See Eagleton, supra note 163, at 18; Boyle, supra note 13, at 1463–66; Jaszi, supra note 17, at 466–67.
176 See Jaszi, supra note 17, at 466–67.
177 See Boyle, supra note 13, at 1465–66.
178 See id. at 1463–64.
179 See id. at 1463–65.
180 Id. at 1465.
181 See id.
182 See Boyle, supra note 13, at 1463–67; Jaszi, supra note 17, at 466–71.
183 See An Act for the Encouragement of Learning, 1709, 8 Ann. c. 19 (Eng.); Jaszi, supra note 17, at 468–70.
184 See Jaszi, supra note 17, at 468–70.
185 Id. at 470.
186 See id.
187 See id.
188 See id. at 469–70; Jane M. Gaines, Contested Culture 63–64 (1991). Gaines argues that the law’s permissive originality standard exists independently of the Romantic conception, because it is fundamentally grounded in Lockean labor theory: “[I]f the individual author produces property in the work in the Lockean sense, then every act of product is an act of origination, every work is an original work, regardless of whether it is aesthetically unoriginal, banal, or in some cases, imitative.” Id.
189 See Boyle, supra note 13, at 1465–67; Jaszi, supra note 17, at 466–67, 469–70.
190 See Jaszi, supra note 17, at 467.
191 See id. at 466–67, 469–70.
192 See Boyle, supra note 13, at 1466–67.
193 See id.
194 Boyle, supra note 13, at 1466, 1467–68; Litman, supra note 10, at 965–67.
195 See Boyle, supra note 13, at 1466, 1467–68; Jaszi, supra note 17, at 466–67, 469–70; Litman, supra note 10, at 965–67.
196 See Jaszi, supra note 31, at 35–36; Jaszi, supra note 17, at 481–85; Litman, supra note 10, at 1009–11.
197 See Jaszi, supra note 17, at 483–85.
198 See Jaszi, supra note 17, at 466–67.
199 See 111 U.S. at 60; Jaszi, supra note 17, at 480–81.
200 See Sarony, 111 U.S. at 60; Jaszi, supra note 17, at 480–81.
201 See Sarony, 111 U.S. at 60; Jaszi, supra note 17, at 480–81; Litman, supra note 10, at 965–67, 1008–09.
202 See Sarony, 111 U.S. at 60; Jaszi, supra note 17, at 480–81.
203 See Sarony, 111 U.S. at 60; Jaszi, supra note 17, at 466–67, 480–81.
204 See 188 U.S. at 249–50, 251–52; Jaszi, supra note 17, at 482–83.
205 See Bleistein, 188 U.S. at 249–50; Sarony, 111 U.S. at 60; Jaszi, supra note 17, at 482–83.
206 See Bleistein, 188 U.S. at 251–52; Jaszi, supra note 17, at 482–83.
207 See Bleistein, 188 U.S. at 251–52; Jaszi, supra note 17, at 482–83.
208 See Bleistein, 188 U.S. at 251–52; Jaszi, supra note 17, at 482–83.
209 See 191 F.2d at 102–03, 104–05; Jaszi, supra note 17, at 483–85; Litman, supra note 10, at 1010–11.
210 See Catalda, 191 F.2d at 102–03, 104–05; Yen, supra note 31, at 274–75.
211 See 191 F.2d at 102–03, 104–05; Jaszi, supra note 17, at 483–85.
212 See Catalda, 191 F.2d at 104–05; Litman, supra note 10, at 1008–11.
213 See Bleistein, 188 U.S. at 249–50, 251–52; Catalda, 191 F.2d at 102–03, 104–05; Eagleton, supra note 163, at 138; Jaszi, supra note 17, at 482–85.
214 See Jaszi, supra note 17, at 482–85; Litman, supra note 10, at 1005.
215 See Jaszi, supra note 17, at 482–85; Litman, supra note 10, at 1005.
216 See 499 U.S. at 345–47; Jaszi, supra note 31, at 36–39; Jaszi, supra note 17, at 481–85.
217 See Feist, 499 U.S. at 346; The Trade-Mark Cases, 100 U.S. 82, 94 (1879); Jaszi, supra note 31, at 36–39.
218 See Feist, 499 U.S. at 345–47; Bleistein, 188 U.S. at 249–50, 251–52; Catalda, 191 F.2d at 102–03, 104–05; Eagleton, supra note 163, at 138; Jaszi, supra note 31, at 36–39; Jaszi, supra note 17, at 482–85; Litman, supra note 10, at 1008–09.
219 See Feist, 499 U.S. at 345–47; Bleistein, 188 U.S. at 249–50, 251–52; Catalda, 191 F.2d at 102–03, 104–05; Eagleton, supra note 163, at 138; Jaszi, supra note 31, at 36–39; Jaszi, supra note 17, at 482–85; Litman, supra note 10, at 1008–09.
220 See 188 U.S. at 249–50; Boyle, supra note 13, at 1466–67.
221 See 188 U.S. at 249–50; Boyle, supra note 13, at 1466–67.
222 See 188 U.S. at 249–50; Boyle, supra note 13, at 1466–67.
223 See 188 U.S. at 249–50, 251–52; Boyle, supra note 13, at 1466–67.
224 See 188 U.S. at 249–50, 251–52; Boyle, supra note 13, at 1466–67.
225 See 188 U.S. at 249–50, 251–52; Boyle, supra note 13, at 1466–67.
226 See 188 U.S. at 249–50, 251–52; Boyle, supra note 13, at 1466–67; Jaszi, supra note 17, at 483.
227 See 188 U.S. at 249–50, 251–52; Boyle, supra note 13, at 1466–67; Jaszi, supra note 17, at 483.
228 See 188 U.S. at 249–50, 251–52; Boyle, supra note 13, at 1466–67; Jaszi, supra note 17, at 483.
229 See 188 U.S. at 249–50, 251–52; Boyle, supra note 13, at 1466–67; Jaszi, supra note 17, at 483.
230 See 188 U.S. at 249–50, 251–52; Boyle, supra note 13, at 1466–67.
231 U.S. Const. art. I, � 8, cl. 8.
232 See, e.g., Landes & Posner, supra note 28, at 326; Yen, supra note 31, at 248.
233 See Litman, supra note 10, at 967–68.
234 See id.; Lange, supra note 12, at 164; Travis, supra note 12, at 850–51.
235 See Lange, supra note 12, at 164; Litman, supra note 10, at 967–68; Travis, supra note 12, at 850–51.
236 See Lange, supra note 12, at 164; Litman, supra note 10, at 967–68; Travis, supra note 12, at 850–51.
237 See, e.g., Landes & Posner, supra note 28, at 326; Lange, supra note 12, at 164; Litman, supra note 10, at 967–68; Yen, supra note 31, at 248; Travis, supra note 12, at 850–51.
238 See, e.g., Lange, supra note 12, at 156; Lemley, supra note 12, at 886–87; Travis, supra note 12, at 813–25.
239 See Boyle, supra note 13, at 1466–67, 1525–26; Lange, supra note 12, at 156; Lemley, supra note 12, at 886–87; Litman, supra note 10, at 966–67, 1000; Travis, supra note 12, at 813–25.
240 See Boyle, supra note 13, at 1466–67, 1525–26; Lange, supra note 12, at 156; Lemley, supra note 12, at 886–87; Litman, supra note 10, at 966–67, 1000; Travis, supra note 12, at 813–25.
241 See Boyle, supra note 13, at 1466–67, 1525–26; Lange, supra note 12, at 156; Lemley, supra note 12, at 886–87; Litman, supra note 10, at 966–67, 1000; Travis, supra note 12, at 813–25.
242 See Boyle, supra note 13, at 1466–67, 1534; Litman, supra note 10, at 966–68, 1000, 1005.
243 See Yen, supra note 31, at 247, 249–50, 273–75.
244 See id.
245 See id.
246 See id.
247 See id.
248 See Yen, supra note 31, at 247, 249–50, 273–75.
249 See id.; Bleistein v. Donaldson Lithographing Co., 188 U.S. 239, 249–50, 251–52 (1903).
250 See Yen, supra note 31, at 247, 249–50, 273–75.
251 See Bleistein, 188 U.S. at 249–50; Burrow-Giles Lithographic Co. v. Sarony, 111 U.S. 53, 60 (1884); Boyle, supra note 13, at 1466–67; Jaszi, supra note 17, at 480–81.
252 See Eagleton, supra note 163, at 67; Boyle, supra note 13, at 1466–67; Litman, supra note 10, at 965–67, 1008–09; Yen, supra note 31, at 256–57, 263.
253 See Eagleton, supra note 163, at 67; Boyle, supra note 13, at 1466–67; Litman, supra note 10, at 965–67, 1008–09; Yen, supra note 31, at 256–57, 263.
254 See Eagleton, supra note 163, at 67; Boyle, supra note 13, at 1466–67; Litman, supra note 10, at 965–67, 1008–09; Yen, supra note 31, at 256–57, 263.
255 See Eagleton, supra note 163, at 67; Boyle, supra note 13, at 1466–67; Litman, supra note 10, at 965–67, 1008–09; Yen, supra note 31, at 256–57, 263.
256 See Eagleton, supra note 163, at 67; Boyle, supra note 13, at 1466–67; Litman, supra note 10, at 965–67, 1008–09; Yen, supra note 31, at 256–57, 263.
257 See Eagleton, supra note 163, at 67; Boyle, supra note 13, at 1466–67; Litman, supra note 10, at 965–67, 1008–09; Yen, supra note 31, at 256–57, 263.
258 See Sarony, 111 U.S. at 60; Eagleton, supra note 163, at 67, 113, 129–30, 138; Boyle, supra note 13, at 1466–67; Litman, supra note 10, at 965–67, 1008–09; Yen, supra note 31, at 256–57, 263.
259 See Sarony, 111 U.S. at 60; Eagleton, supra note 163, at 67, 113, 129–30, 138; Boyle, supra note 13, at 1466–67; Litman, supra note 10, at 965–67, 1008–09; Yen, supra note 31, at 256–57, 263.
260 See Sarony, 111 U.S. at 60; Eagleton, supra note 163, at 67, 113, 129–30, 138; Boyle, supra note 13, at 1466–67; Litman, supra note 10, at 965–67, 1008–09; Yen, supra note 31, at 256–57, 263.
261 See Sarony, 111 U.S. at 60; Eagleton, supra note 163, at 67, 113, 129–30, 138; Boyle, supra note 13, at 1466–67; Litman, supra note 10, at 965–67, 1008–09; Yen, supra note 31, at 256–57, 263.
262 See Sarony, 111 U.S. at 60; Eagleton, supra note 163, at 67, 113, 129–30, 138; Boyle, supra note 13, at 1466–67; Litman, supra note 10, at 965–67, 1008–09; Yen, supra note 31, at 256–57, 263.
263 See Sarony, 111 U.S. at 60; Eagleton, supra note 163, at 67, 113, 129–30, 138; Boyle, supra note 13, at 1466–67; Litman, supra note 10, at 965–67, 1008–09; Yen, supra note 31, at 256–57, 263.
264 See 111 U.S. at 60; Eagleton, supra note 163, at 67, 113, 129–30, 136, 138; Boyle, supra note 13, at 1466–67; Litman, supra note 10, at 965–67, 1008–09; Yen, supra note 31, at 256–57, 263.
265 See 111 U.S. at 60; Boyle, supra note 13, at 1466–67; Litman, supra note 10, at 965–67, 1008–09; Yen, supra note 31, at 256–57, 263.
266 See 188 U.S. at 249–50; Boyle, supra note 13, at 1466–67.
267 See Bleistein, 188 U.S. at 249–50; Boyle, supra note 13, at 1466–67.
268 See Bleistein, 188 U.S. at 249–50; Sarony, 111 U.S. at 60; Boyle, supra note 13, at 1466–67.
269 See Bleistein, 188 U.S. at 249–50, 251–52; Boyle, supra note 13, at 1466–67; Jaszi, supra note 17, at 482–83.
270 See Bleistein, 188 U.S. at 249–50, 251–52; Ets-Hokin v. Skyy Spirits, Inc., 225 F.3d 1068, 1076–77 (9th Cir. 2000); Key Publ’ns, Inc. v. Chinatown Today Publ’g Enter., Inc., 945 F.2d 509, 512–15 (2d Cir. 1991); Boyle, supra note 13, at 1466–67.
271 See 188 U.S. at 249–50, 251–52; Boyle, supra note 13, at 1466–67.
272 See Alfred Bell & Co. v. Catalda Fine Arts, Inc., 191 F.2d 99, 102–03, 104–05 (2d Cir. 1951); Jaszi, supra note 17, at 483–85; Litman, supra note 10, at 1009–10.
273 See 191 F.2d at 102–03, 104–05; Jaszi, supra note 17, at 483–85; Litman, supra note 10, at 1009–10.
274 See 191 F.2d at 102–03, 104–05; Jaszi, supra note 17, at 483–84.
275 See Catalda, 191 F.2d at 102–03, 104–05; Boyle, supra note 13, at 1466–67; Jaszi, supra note 17, at 469–70.
276 Catalda, 191 F.2d at 103.
277 See Catalda, 191 F.2d at 102–03, 104–05; Boyle, supra note 13, at 1466–67; Jaszi, supra note 17, at 469–70.
278 See Catalda, 191 F.2d at 102–03, 104–05; Boyle, supra note 13, at 1466–67.
279 See Bleistein, 188 U.S. at 249–50; Catalda, 191 F.2d at 102–03, 104–05; Boyle, supra note 13, at 1466–67.
280 See Catalda, 191 F.2d at 102–03, 104–05; Boyle, supra note 13, at 1466–67.
281 See Bleistein, 188 U.S. at 249–50; Catalda, 191 F.2d at 102–03, 104–05; Eagleton, supra note 163, at 113, 129–30, 136, 138; Boyle, supra note 13, at 1466–67; Litman, supra note 10, at 965–67, 1008–09.
282 See Bleistein, 188 U.S. at 249–50; Sarony, 111 U.S. at 60; Catalda, 191 F.2d at 102–03, 104–05; Eagleton, supra note 163, at 113, 129–30, 136, 138; Boyle, supra note 13, at 1466–67.
283 See Bleistein, 188 U.S. at 249–50; Catalda, 191 F.2d at 102–03, 104–05; Boyle, supra note 13, at 1466–67; Jaszi, supra note 17, at 482–85.
284 See Bleistein, 188 U.S. at 249–50; Catalda, 191 F.2d at 102–03, 104–05; Boyle, supra note 13, at 1466–67; Litman, supra note 10, at 1008–09.
285 See Bleistein, 188 U.S. at 249–50; Catalda, 191 F.2d at 102–03, 104–05; Boyle, supra note 13, at 1466–67; Litman, supra note 10, at 1008–09.
286 See Bleistein, 188 U.S. at 249–50; Catalda, 191 F.2d at 102–03, 104–05; Boyle, supra note 13, at 1466–67.
287 See Bleistein, 188 U.S. at 249–50; Catalda, 191 F.2d at 102–03, 104–05; Boyle, supra note 13, at 1466–67, 1525–26; Lange, supra note 12, at 156; Lemley, supra note 12, at 886–87; Litman, supra note 10, at 966–67, 1000; Travis, supra note 12, at 813–25.
288 See Jaszi, supra note 17, at 461–63, 482–85.
289 See Bleistein, 188 U.S. at 249–50; Catalda, 191 F.2d at 102–03, 104–05; Boyle, supra note 13, at 1466–67, 1525–26; Lange, supra note 12, at 156; Lemley, supra note 12, at 886–87; Litman, supra note 10, at 966–67, 1000; Travis, supra note 12, at 813–25.
290 See Feist, 499 U.S. at 345–46, 362–63; Boyle, supra note 13, at 1466–67.
291 See 499 U.S. at 345–47; Jaszi, supra note 31, at 36–39; Jaszi, supra note 17, at 461–63, 482–85.
292 See Feist, 499 U.S. at 345–47; Boyle, supra note 13, at 1466–67; Jaszi, supra note 31, at 36–39; Jaszi, supra note 17, at 480–81.
293 See Feist, 499 U.S. at 345–47; Bleistein, 188 U.S. at 249–50, 251–52; Catalda, 191 F.2d at 102–03, 104–05; Boyle, supra note 13, at 1466–67.
294 See Feist, 499 U.S. at 345–47; Jaszi, supra note 31, at 36–39; Jaszi, supra note 17, at 461–63, 482–85.
295 See 17 U.S.C. � 102 (1994); Feist, 499 U.S. at 362–63.
296 See Feist, 499 U.S. at 345–47; Bleistein, 188 U.S. at 249–50, 251–52; Catalda, 191 F.2d at 102–03, 104–05; Boyle, supra note 13, at 1466–67.
297 See Feist, 499 U.S. at 345–47; Bleistein, 188 U.S. at 249–50, 251–52; Catalda, 191 F.2d at 102–03, 104–05; Eagleton, supra note 163, at 113, 129–30, 136, 138; Boyle, supra note 13, at 1466–67; Litman, supra note 10, at 965–67, 1008–09.
298 See Feist, 499 U.S. at 345–47.
299 See id.; Eagleton, supra note 163, at 113, 129–30, 136, 138; Litman, supra note 10, at 965–67, 1008–11.
300 See Feist, 499 U.S. at 345–47; Bleistein, 188 U.S. at 249–50, 251–52; Jaszi, supra note 31, at 36–39; Jaszi, supra note 17, at 482–85; Litman, supra note 10, at 1008–09.
301 See Ets-Hokin, 225 F.3d at 1076–77; Key Publ’ns, 945 F.2d at 512–15.
302 See Key Publ’ns, 945 F.2d at 512–15.
303 See Feist, 499 U.S. at 345–47; Key Publ’ns, 945 F.2d at 512–15.
304 See Bleistein, 188 U.S. at 249–50, 251–52; Key Publ’ns, 945 F.2d at 512–15; Boyle, supra note 13, at 1466–67.
305 See Feist, 499 U.S. at 345–47; Key Publ’ns, 945 F.2d at 512–15; Eagleton, supra note 163, at 113, 129–30, 136, 138; Litman, supra note 10, at 965–67, 1008–11.
306 See Feist, 499 U.S. at 345–47, 362–63; Key Publ’ns, 945 F.2d at 512–15; Eagleton, supra note 163, at 113, 129–30, 136, 138; Litman, supra note 10, at 965–67, 1008–11.
307 See Feist, 499 U.S. at 345–47, 362–63; Key Publ’ns, 945 F.2d at 512–15; Eagleton, supra note 163, at 113, 129–30, 136, 138; Litman, supra note 10, at 965–67, 1008–11.
308 See Feist, 499 U.S. at 345–47, 362–63; Key Publ’ns, 945 F.2d at 512–15.
309 See Feist, 499 U.S. at 345–47, 362–63; Ets-Hokin, 225 F.3d at 1076–77; Eagleton, supra note 163, at 113, 129–30, 136, 138; Litman, supra note 10, at 965–67, 1008–11.
310 See Feist, 499 U.S. at 345–47, 362–63; Ets-Hokin, 225 F.3d at 1076–77; Eagleton, supra note 163, at 113, 129–30, 136, 138; Litman, supra note 10, at 965–67, 1008–11.
311 See Feist, 499 U.S. at 345–47, 362–63; Ets-Hokin, 225 F.3d at 1076–77.
312 See Feist, 499 U.S. at 345–47, 362–63; Ets-Hokin, 225 F.3d at 1076–77.
313 See Feist, 499 U.S. at 345–47, 362–63; Ets-Hokin, 225 F.3d at 1076–77.
314 See Feist, 499 U.S. at 345–47, 362–63; Ets-Hokin, 225 F.3d at 1076–77; Key Publ’ns, 945 F.2d at 512–13; Eagleton, supra note 163, at 113, 129–30, 136, 138; Litman, supra note 10, at 965–67, 1008–09.
315 See Eagleton, supra note 163, at 113, 129–30, 136, 138.
316 See id.
317 See id.; Yen, supra note 31, at 260, 299.
318 See Yen, supra note 31, at 301–02.
319 See Bleistein, 188 U.S. at 249–50; Sarony, 111 U.S. at 60; Catalda, 191 F.2d at 102–03, 104–05; Eagleton, supra note 163, at 113, 129–30, 136, 138; Boyle, supra note 13, at 1466–67; Yen, supra note 31, at 260, 299, 301–02.
320 See Bleistein, 188 U.S. at 249–50; Sarony, 111 U.S. at 60; Catalda, 191 F.2d at 102–03, 104–05; Eagleton, supra note 163, at 113, 129–30, 136, 138; Boyle, supra note 13, at 1466–67; Yen, supra note 31, at 260, 299, 301–02.
321 See Boyle, supra note 13, at 1466–67; Lange, supra note 12, at 165; Litman, supra note 10, at 967–68; Travis, supra note 12, at 850–51.
322 See Boyle, supra note 13, at 1466–67; Lange, supra note 12, at 165; Litman, supra note 10, at 967–68; Travis, supra note 12, at 850–51.
323 See Litman, supra note 10, at 967–68.
324 See Landes & Posner, supra note 28, at 326; Litman, supra note 10, at 967–68; Yen, supra note 31, at 248.
325 See Boyle, supra note 13, at 1466–67; Landes & Posner, supra note 28, at 326; Yen, supra note 31, at 248.