* Ben N. Dunlap is the Solicitations and Symposium Editor of the Boston College International & Comparative Law Review.
1 Addicted to Oil, The Economist, Dec. 15, 2001, at 9.
2 Id.; A Dangerous Addiction, The Economist, Dec. 15, 2001, at 15.
3 See Michael Lelyveld, Caspian: Presidents Launch Construction of Oil Pipeline, Radio Free Europe—Radio Liberty (Sept. 18, 2002), at http://www.rferl.org/nca/features/ 2002/09/18092002154755.asp [hereinafter Lelyveld, Presidents Launch Construction]; Lucian Pugliaresi, Energy Security: How Valuable is Caspian Oil?, Caspian Studies Program (Jan. 2001), http://ksgnotes1.harvard.edu/BCSIA/Library.nsf/pubs.
4 Energy Info. Admin., U.S. Dep’t of Energy, Country Analysis Briefs: Caspian Sea Region, at http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/caspian.html (Aug. 2003) [hereinafter D.O.E., Caspian Sea Region].
5 See Fiona Hill, Pipeline Dreams in the Caucasus, in Caucasus and the Caspian Seminar Transcripts (SDI Project ed., 1996), http://www.ciaonet.org/conf/jfk01 [hereinafter Hill, Pipeline Dreams].
6 Id.; Energy Info. Admin., U.S. Dep’t of Energy, Caspian Sea Region: Oil Export Options, at http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/caspoile.html (July 2002) [hereinafter D.O.E., Export Options]; Lelyveld, Presidents Launch Construction, supra note 3.
7 See Energy Info. Admin., U.S. Dep’t of Energy, Caspian Sea Region: Legal Issues, at http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/casplaw.html (July 2002) [hereinafter D.O.E., Legal Issues].
8 See id.; see also Geoffrey Kemp, U.S.-Iranian Relations: Competition or Cooperation in the Caspian Sea Basin, in Energy and Conflict in Central Asia and the Caucasus 148–49 (Robert Ebel & Rajan Menon eds., 2000) [hereinafter Energy and Conflict]; Peter Rutland, Paradigms for Russian Policy in the Caspian Region, in Energy and Conflict, supra, at 177.
9 See D.O.E., Legal Issues, supra note 7; see also Kemp, supra note 8, at 148–49; Rutland, supra note 8, at 177.
10 Vystuplenie Prezidenta Rossii V.V. Putina na vstreche glav prikaspiiskikh gosudarstv [Russian President Vladimir Putin, Address at the Summit of Caspian Heads of State], available at http://www.mid.ru (Apr. 23, 2002) [hereinafter Putin Address].
11 See D.O.E., Legal Issues, supra note 7; Sergei Blagov, Kazakhstan Pushes for Trilateral Caspian Deal, Asia Times Online, Oct. 10, 2002, at http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Cent-ral_Asia/DJ10Ag01.html [hereinafter Blagov, Kazakhstan].
12 See D.O.E., Legal Issues, supra note 7.
13 See Hill, Pipeline Dreams, supra note 5; Bruce R. Kuniholm, The Geopolitics of the Caspian Basin, 54 Middle E. J. 546 (2002), LEXIS, Nexis Library, Magazine File.
14 D.O.E., Caspian Sea Region, supra note 4.
15 See Kuniholm, supra note 13.
16 Id.
17 D.O.E., Caspian Sea Region, supra note 4; Energy Info. Admin., U.S. Dep’t of Energy, Caspian Sea Region: Reserves and Pipelines Tables, at http://www.eia.doe. gov/emeu/cabs/caspgrph.html (July 2002).
18 D.O.E., Caspian Sea Region, supra note 4.
19 Jan H. Kalicki, Caspian Energy at the Crossroads, Foreign Affairs, Sept.-Oct. 2001, LEXIS, Nexis Library, Magazine File.
20 Id.
21 See id.; D.O.E., Caspian Sea Region, supra note 4.
22 Energy Info. Admin., U.S. Dep’t of Energy, Kazakhstan: Major Oil and Natural Gas Projects, at http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/kazaproj.html (June 2002) [hereinafter Dep’t of Energy, Kazakhstan]; Michael Lelyveld, Iran/Azerbaijan: U.S. Rejects Military Involvement in Caspian Dispute, Radio Free Europe—Radio Liberty (Mar. 15, 2002), at http://www.rferl.org/nca/features/2002/03/15032002113328.asp.
23 Energy Info. Admin., U.S. Dep’t of Energy, Azerbaijan: Production-Sharing Agreements, at http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/azerproj.html (June 2002) [hereinafter Dep’t of Energy, Azerbaijan].
24 See generally Kuniholm, supra note 13; Robert Ebel & Rajan Menon, Introduction to Energy and Conflict, supra note 8, at 4–10.
25 Ebel & Menon, Introduction, supra note 24, at 5.
26 See id. at 8–9.
27 See id.
28 See id.; Kemp, supra note 8, at 158.
29 See Ebel & Menon, Introduction, supra note 24, at 7.
30 The Lost Cause of the Caucasus, The Economist, Nov. 2, 2002, at 25.
31 Ebel & Menon, Introduction, supra note 24, at 7.
32 Lena Jonson & Roy Allison, Central Asian Security: Internal and External Dynamics, in Central Asian Security: The New International Context 13–14 (Lena Jonson & Roy Allison eds., 2001).
33 Id.
34 See U.S. Dep’t of State, Joint Press Statement by the U.S.-Russian Working Group on Counterterrorism, http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2002/12224.htm (July 26, 2002) [hereinafter D.O.S., Press Statement]; B. Lynn Pascoe, Security, Stability, Prosperity: Engaging the Eurasian Front-Line States, Remarks Delivered at the International Conference on Central Asia and the Caucasus, Yale Center for the Study of Globalization, at http://www.state.gov/p/eur/rls/rm/2002/13639.htm (Sept. 20, 2002).
35 Martha Brill Olcott, Drugs, Terrorism, and Regional Security: The Risks from Afghanistan, Testimony Before the U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee, http://www.ceip.org/ files/Publications/OlcottTestimony031302.asp?from=pubtype (Mar. 13, 2002).
36 See, e.g., U.S. Dep’t of State, Fact Sheet: U.S. Assistance to Turkmenistan—Fiscal Year 2002, at http://www.state.gov/p/eur/rls/fs/11037.htm (June 6, 2002); Kalicki, supra note 19.
37 See Brice M. Clagett, Ownership of Seabed and Subsoil Resources in the Caspian Sea Under the Rules of International Law, Caspian Crossroads Mag., http://www.usazerbaijancoun-cil.org/caspiancrossroads/archive/archive.htm (1995); Bernard H. Oxman, Caspain Sea or Lake: What Difference Does It Make?, Caspian Crossroads Mag., http://www.usazerbaijan council.org/caspiancrossroads/archive/archive.htm (1996).
38 See Clagett, supra note 37; Oxman, supra note 37.
39 See Clagett, supra note 37; Oxman, supra note 37.
40 See Oxman, supra note 37.
41 See id.
42 See Clagett, supra note 37.
43 Faraz Sanei, Note, The Caspian Sea Legal Regime, Pipeline Diplomacy, and the Prospects for Iran’s Isolation from the Oil and Gas Frenzy: Reconciling Tehran’s Legal Options with Its Geopolitical Realities, 34 Vand. J. Transnat’l L. 681, 790 (2001).
44 See Clagett, supra note 37.
45 See id. The exact method of division was disputed even after UNCLOS, however, particularly by states that were not parties to the convention. See id.
46 Sanei, supra note 43, at 790.
47 Clagett, supra note 37.
48 See Kamyar Mehdiyoun, Current Development, Ownership of Oil and Gas Resources in the Caspian Sea, 94 Am. J. Int’l L. 179, 183, 187 (2000).
49 See Ministerstvo Inostrannykh Del Rossiiskoi Federatsii, Departament Informatsii i Pechati, Interviu spetsialnogo predstavitelia Prezidenta Rossii po uregulirovaniiu statusa Kaspiiskogo moria, zamestitelia Ministra inostrannykh del V.I. Kaliuzhnogo [Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Dep’t of Information and Press, Interview of the Special Representative of the President of Russia for Regulation of the Status of the Caspian Sea, Deputy Foreign Minister Viktor I. Kalyuzhny], at http://www.mid.ru (May 23, 2002) [hereinafter Kalyuzhny Interview].
50 See Clagett, supra note 37.
51 See Oxman, supra note 37.
52 See id.
53 See id.; Lelyveld, Russia: Will a New Formula for Sharing Caspian Riches Work?, Radio Free Europe—Radio Liberty (Nov. 28, 2001), at http://www.rferl.org/nca/features/ 2001/11/28112001091055.asp [hereinafter Lelyveld, Sharing Caspian Riches].
54 D.O.E., Legal Issues, supra note 7; see Sanei, supra note 43, at 768–87.
55 See Sanei, supra note 43, at 769–70.
56 Id.
57 See Abbas Maleki, Caspian Sea and Foreign Policy of Islamic Republic of Iran, Jomhuri Eslami (Tehran), Oct. 23, 2001, at 3, http://www.netiran.com/clippings.html Iran’s Share of the Caspian Sea (Interview with Mehdi Safari), Tehran Persian Daily, Apr. 18, 2002, at 2, http://www.netiran.com/clippings.html [hereinafter Safari Interview]. See also generally Clagett, supra note 37; Oxman, supra note 37 (describing the “condominium” principle in international law).
58 See Sanei, supra note 43, at 786–87; Safari Interview, supra note 57.
59 See Sanei, supra note 43, at 786–87; Safari Interview, supra note 57.
60 See Brenda Shaffer, Partners in Need: The Strategic Relationship of Russia and Iran 51 (2001).
61 Mehdiyoun, supra note 48, at 187.
62 Steven Lee Myers, Carving Up the Caspian, N.Y. Times, Sept. 24, 2002, at A13; Blagov, Kazakhstan, supra note 11.
63 Lelyveld, Sharing Caspian Riches, supra note 53; Kalyuzhny Interview, supra note 49. Turkmenistan favors division of the seabed into national sectors, but is unwilling to commit to the method of division proposed by Russia. See Kalyuzhny Interview, supra note 49.
64 See Kalyuzhny Interview, supra note 49.
65 See Carol Saivetz, Caspian Geopolitics: The View from Moscow, 7 Brown J. World Aff. 53, 54–55 (2000).
66 See Fiona Hill, Russia: The 21st Century’s Energy Superpower?, 20 Brookings Rev. 28 (2002) [hereinafter Hill, Superpower].
67 See Saivetz, supra note 65, at 57–59.
68 D.O.E., Export Options, supra note 6; Kalicki, supra note 19.
69 See Hill, Superpower, supra note 66.
70 Dep’t of Energy, Azerbaijan, supra note 23; Dep’t of Energy, Kazakhstan, supra note 22; see Hill, Superpower, supra note 66.
71 See Brenda Shaffer, The U.S. Needs Russia to Help Contain Iran, L.A. Times, Feb. 21, 2002, at 13.
72 See Maleki, supra note 57.
73 See id.
74 Michael Lelyveld, Caspian: A Delicate Balance Prevails, Radio Free Europe—Radio Liberty (July 16, 2002), at http://www.rferl.org/nca/features/2002/07/16072002153612.asp [hereinafter Lelyveld, Delicate Balance].
75 Id.
76 Id.
77 Id.
78 Jean-Christophe Peuch, Caspian: ‘Militarization’ of the Sea—Myth or Reality?, Radio Free Europe—Radio Liberty (June 10, 2002), at http://www.rferl.org/nca/features/2002/06/ 10062002165929.asp.
79 Id.
80 Michael Lelyveld, Russia: Are Moscow’s War Games in Caspian Muscle Flexing?, Radio Free Europe—Radio Liberty (Aug. 7, 2002), at http://www.rferl.org/nca/features/ 2002/08/07082002161837.asp.
81 Putin Address, supra note 10.
82 Michael Lelyveld, Caspian: Russia Proposes Wider Offshore Zone for Dividing the Sea, Radio Free Europe—Radio Liberty (Aug. 28, 2002), at http://www.rferl.org/nca/fea-tures/2002/08/28082002143244.asp.
83 See Kalyuzhny Interview, supra note 49.
84 See Blagov, Kazakhstan, supra note 11; Michael Lelyveld, Caspian: Azerbaijan, Iran Seek New Phase in Border Dispute, Radio Free Europe—Radio Liberty (June 18, 2002), at http://www.rferl.org/nca/features/2002/06/18062002165038.asp [hereinafter Lelyveld, New Phase].
85 See Blagov, Kazakhstan, supra note 11; Lelyveld, New Phase, supra note 84.
86 See Sanei, supra note 43, at 777–80, 786–87.
87 See id.
88 See id.
89 Maleki, supra note 57, at 3.
90 Id.
91 See Mehdiyoun, supra note 48, at 188–89; Clagett, supra note 37. But cf. Sanei, supra note 43, at 786–87.
92 See Mehdiyoun, supra note 48, at 188–89; Clagett, supra note 37. But cf. Sanei, supra note 43, at 786–87.
93 See Mehdiyoun, supra note 48, at 188–89; Clagett, supra note 37. But cf. Sanei, supra note 43, at 786–87.
94 See Mehdiyoun, supra note 48, at 188–89; Clagett, supra note 37. But cf. Sanei, supra note 43, at 786–87.
95 See Mehdiyoun, supra note 48, at 188–89; Clagett, supra note 37. But cf. Sanei, supra note 43, at 786–87.
96 See Mehdiyoun, supra note 48, at 188–89; Clagett, supra note 37. But cf. Sanei, supra note 43, at 786–87.
97 See Shaffer, supra note 60, at 63 n.46.
98 See Kalyuzhny Interview, supra note 49; Hill, Superpower, supra note 66.
99 See Saivetz, supra note 65, at 59.
100 See Sergei Blagov, Russia’s Asian Policy Gains Momentum, Asia Times Online, Nov. 14, 2002, at http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Central_Asia/DK14Ag01.html (discussing Kazakhstan’s cooperation with Russia in counterterrorist operations); Daan van der Schriek, Moscow Hostage Crisis Encourages Closer Russian-Azerbaijani Relations, at http://www.eurasianet.org/de-partments/insight/articles/eav103002.shtml (Oct. 30, 2002) (discussing Azerbaijan’s clampdown on Chechen activity in its territory and the recent Azerbaijani-Russian rapprochement).
101 See Hill, Superpower, supra note 66.
102 See Peuch, supra note 78.
103 See generally Hooman Peimani, Russia Navigates Another Caspian Rapid, Asia Times Online, Oct. 8, 2002, at http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/DJ08Df05.html.
104 See Blagov, Kazakhstan, supra note 11.
105 See, e.g., Peimani, supra note 103.
106 See Blagov, Kazakhstan, supra note 11.
107 See Michael Lelyveld, U.S.: Official Disputes Iranian Success with Caspian Project, Radio Free Europe—Radio Liberty (Oct. 18, 2002), at http://www.rferl.org/nca/features/ 2002/10/18102002170429.asp.
108 See Kuniholm, supra note 13.
109 See id.
110 See D.O.E., Legal Issues, supra note 7; Michael Lelyveld, Iran/Azerbaijan: U.S. Rejects Military Involvement in Caspian Dispute, Radio Free Europe—Radio Liberty (Mar. 15, 2002), at http://www.rferl.org/nca/features/2002/03/15032002113328.asp [hereinafter Lelyveld, Caspian Dispute].
111 See D.O.E., Legal Issues, supra note 7; Lelyveld, Caspian Dispute, supra note 110.
112 See Kuniholm, supra note 13.
113 See Assistant Secretary of State Beth Jones, U.S. Engagement in Central Asia and the Caucasus: Staying Our Course Along the Silk Road, Remarks at “Central Asia: Its Geopolitical Significance and Future Impact” Conference, University of Montana, at http:// www.state.gov/p/eur/rls/rm/2003/19606.htm (Apr. 10, 2003).
114 See D.O.S., Press Statement, supra note 34; Lelyveld, Caspian Dispute, supra note 110.
115 See D.O.S., Press Statement, supra note 34; Lelyveld, Caspian Dispute, supra note 110.
116 See, e.g., Saivetz, supra note 65, at 58–59.
117 See generally Jonson & Allison, supra note 32; Kemp, supra note 8, at 148-49.
118 See Kuniholm, supra note 13.
119 See Sanei, supra note 43, at 824; Maleki, supra note 57; D.O.E., Legal Issues, supra note 7.
120 See D.O.E., Caspian Sea Region, supra note 4.
121 Id.
122 See Sanei, supra note 43, at 832.
123 See Brenda Shaffer, Borders and Brethren: Iran and the Challenge of Azerbaijani Identity 1–7 (2002); Kuniholm, supra note 13.
124 See Shaffer, supra note 123, at 1–7; Kuniholm, supra note 13.
125 See Kemp, supra note 8, at 158.
126 See Sanei, supra note 43, at 824.
127 See Mehdiyoun, supra note 48, at 188–89. But cf. Sanei, supra note 43, at 786–87.
128 See Peimani, supra note 103.
129 See id.
130 Lelyveld, Delicate Balance, supra note 74.
131 See id.