* Benjamin Langille is an Executive Editor of the Boston College International & Comparative Law Review.
1 U.S. President George W. Bush, Statement by the President in His Address to the Nation (September 11, 2001), at http://www.state.gov/s/ct/index.cfm?docid=5044 [hereinafter Statement by the President].
2 See id.; Anthony A. D’Amato, Concept of Custom in International Law 88 (1971).
3 The Bush Doctrine is the assertion that nations harboring terrorists are as guilty as the terrorists themselves. Elisabeth Bumiller, Bush Chides Some Members of Coalition for Inaction in War Against Terrorism, N.Y. Times, Nov. 10, 2001, at B4.
4 G.A. Res. 1, U.N. GAOR, 56th Sess., U.N. Doc. A/56/L.1 (2001); U.N. SCOR, 4370th mtg. at 1, U.N. Doc. S/Res/1368 (2001).
5 See White House Web Site, West Wing, America Responds, September 2001, at http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2001/09/resources.html (last visited Nov. 29, 2001).
6 Louis B. Sohn, “Generally Accepted” International Rules, 61 Wash. L. Rev. 1073, 1079 (1986).
7 Statute of the International Court of Justice, June 26, 1995, art. 38, 59 Stat. 1055, 1060, T.S. No. 993, available at http://www.icj-cij.org/icjwww/ibasicdocuments/ibasictext/ ibasicstatute.htm.
8 D’Amato, supra note 2, at 270.
9 Katherine N. Guernsey, Comment, The North Continental Shelf Cases, 27 Ohio N.U. L. Rev. 141, 143 (2000).
10 Gregory J. Kerwin, The Role of United Nations General Assembly Resolutions in Determining Principles of International Law in United States Courts, 1983 Duke L.J. 876, 877 (1983).
11 See Guernsey, supra note 9, at 143.
12 See D’Amato, supra note 2, at 271.
13 Id.
14 Id.
15 See id.
16 Id. at 87.
17 D’Amato, supra note 2, at 88.
18 See id.
19 Id. at 88.
20 Id. at 91.
21 Id. at 271.
22 D’Amato, supra note 2, at 88.
23 See Guernsey, supra note 9, at 154.
24 Id.
25 Id.
26 Id. at 155.
27 See D’Amato, supra note 2, at 78.
28 Id. at 78–79.
29 Id. at 79.
30 See id. at 78–79.
31 See Guernsey, supra note 9, at 153.
32 Id.
33 Id.
34 North Sea Continental Shelf (F.R.G. v. Den. & Neth.), 1969 I.C.J. 3, para. 74 (Feb. 28).
35 See Guernsey, supra note 9, at 150.
36 G.J.H.van Hoof, Rethinking the Sources of International Law 86 (1983).
37 Bin Cheng, Custom: The Future of General State Practice In a Divided World, in The Structure and Process of International Law: Essays in Legal Philosophy Doctrine and Theory 513, 532 (R. St.J. Macdonald & Douglas M. Johnston eds., 1983).
38 See van Hoof, supra note 36, at 86.
39 Id.
40 Cheng, supra note 37, at 549.
41 Id.
42 See van Hoof, supra note 36, at 86.
43 Id.
44 Id.
45 See id.
46 See D’Amato, supra note 2, at 88.
47 North Sea Continental Shelf, 19 I.C.J. 3, para. 74.
48 See D’Amato, supra note 2, at 74.
49 Prosper Weil, Towards Relative Normativity in International Law?, 77 Am. J. Int’l L. 413, 435 (1983).
50 D’Amato, supra note 2, at 86.
51 Kerwin, supra note 10, at 899; see Weil, supra note 49, at 417.
52 See D’Amato, supra note 2, at 78–79.
53 J. Patrick Kelly, The Twilight of Customary International Law, 40 Va. J. Int’l. L. 449, 484 (2000).
54 Weil, supra note 49, at 417.
55 See id.
56 Sohn, supra note 6, at 1079.
57 Id.
58 Id.
59 Id. at 1078.
60 Id.
61 630 F.2d 876, 883 (2d Cir. 1980).
62 Kerwin, supra note 10, at 886.
63 See D’Amato, supra note 2, at 79; Sohn, supra note 6, at 1079.
64 Black Tuesday; Erupting on a Crisp September Morning, Terrorist Attacks Bring America to a Standstill—and Take an Unthinkable Human Toll, People, Sept. 24, 2001, at 6, available at 2001 WL 25549830.
65 Id.
66 Id.
67 See Statement by the President, supra note 1.
68 Id.
69 G.A. Res. 1, supra note 4; U.N. SCOR, supra note 4.
70 G.A. Res. 1, supra note 4.
71 U.N. SCOR, supra note 4; White House Website, West Wing, Diplomatic Actions, available at http://www.whitehouse.gov/response/diplomaticresponse.html [hereinafter White House].
72 See Secretary of State Colin L. Powell, Campaign Against Terrorism, Address Before the House International Relations Committee (October 24, 2001), at http://www. state.gov/secretary/rm/2001/index.cfm?docid=557 [hereinafter Powell]. The U.S. provided “clear and compelling proof” that the individuals who carried out the terrorist attacks were part of the worldwide terrorist network of al-Qaeda, headed by Osama bin Laden and his key lieutenants and protected by the Taliban. Suzanne Daley, NATO Says U.S. Has Proof Against Bin Laden Group, N.Y. Times, Oct. 3, 2001, at A1. The Taliban regime conquered ninety percent of Afghanistan during the 1990s. Nation Building in Afghanistan, N.Y. Times, Sept. 27, 2001, at A20. Throughout its rule, the Taliban have allowed Osama bin Ladin to hide out in Afghanistan. Id.
73 See D’Amato, supra note 2, at 88.
74 See id.
75 Id.
76 See id.
77 See Sohn, supra note 6, at 1079.
78 See White House, supra note 71.
79 See Powell, supra note 72.
80 White House Website, News Releases for September 2001, at http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2001/09/.
81 Powell, supra note 72.
82 See D’Amato, supra note 2, at 88; Blair is the “USA’s Best Secretary of State,” BBC Worldwide Monitoring, Oct. 16, 2001, available at LEXIS, News Group File.
83 Pakistan Says in Touch with Afghanistan, Not to Participate in Global Campaign, BBC Worldwide Monitoring, Sept. 16, 2001, available at LEXIS, News Group File.
84 Anxious Days in Pakistan, N.Y. Times, Oct. 9, 2001, at A24.
85 Saudis Criticize the Taliban and Halt Diplomatic Ties, N.Y. Times, Sept. 26, 2001, at B5.
86 Kingdom Cuts Ties with Taliban; Militia Harbors Terrorists Who Cause Harm to Islam and Tarnish the Names of Muslims, Middle East Newsfile, Sept. 26, 2001, available at LEXIS, News Group File.
87 Liberia Reportedly Endorses U.S. Military Strikes Against Afghanistan, BBC Worldwide Monitoring, Oct. 9, 2001, available at LEXIS, News Group File.
88 See Powell, supra note 72.
89 See id.
90 See D’Amato, supra note 2, at 86.