* Alexander Severance is the Senior Production Editor of the Boston College International & Comparative Law Review.
1 Lori Montgomery, Some See a Scary Side to Putin-the Acting President is Popular Among Russians. But Advocates for Human Rights are Concerned., Philadelphia Inquirer, Jan. 10, 2000, available at http://www.philly.com/newslibrary.
2 See Reuters, Russia Acquits Nuclear Dissenter Nikitin, available at http://www. russiatoday.com/news.php3?id=199010 (Sept. 14, 2000).
3 See id.
4 See id.
5 See Gordon B. Smith, Reforming the Russian Legal System 135 (1996).
6 See Reuters, supra note 2.
7 See generally William E. Butler, Russian Law 242 (1999).
8 Jon Gauslaa, The Nikitin Trial. Analysis of the Indictment, at http://www.bellona.no/ imaker?id=10290&sub=1 (Oct. 17, 1998) [hereinafter Gauslaa, Analysis].
9 International Secretariat of Amnesty International, Despite the Court’s Rejection of the Seventh Indictment Against Him, Aleksandr Nikitin Remains on Trial (Oct. 30, 1998), at http://www.bellona.no/imaker?id=9219&sub=1 [hereinafter Amnesty, Court’s Rejection].
10 Reuters, supra note 2.
11 Butler, supra note 7, at 242.
12 Id.
13 See id. The Procuracy is an all-encompassing federal executive body charged with supervising the observance of the Constitution and law, the actions of ministries, criminal investigations, etc. See also O Prokurature Rossiskoi Federatsii (v redaktsii federal’nogo zakona ot 17 noyabrya 1995 goda N. 168 F3) [On the Procuracy of the Russian Federation (in the edition of the federal law from 17 Nov. 1995 No. 168-F3)], Sobr. Zakonod, RF, 1995, No. 47 [Nov. 20, 1995], Art. No. 2 (Russ.) [hereinafter Procuracy].
14 Butler, supra note 7, at 242.
15 Id. at 243.
16 Id. at 243; see also Smith, supra note 5, at 139.
17 Butler, supra note 7, at 244.
18 Smith, supra note 5, at 139.
19 Butler, supra note 7, at 243.
20 Id. at 244.
21 Smith, supra note 5, at 139.
22 Butler, supra note 7, at 243.
23 Id.
24 Id.
25 UGOLOVNO-PROTSESSUAL’NYI KODEKS RF [CODE OF CRIMINAL PROCEDURE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION] arts. 125, 133(1) (Russ.) [hereinafter UPK RF].
26 Id. art. 211(2).
27 Id. art. 211(8).
28 Id. art. 211(7).
29 Id. art. 211(11).
30 UPK RF, supra note 25, art. 217.
31 Id.
32 Id. art. 232.
33 Gennady M. Danilenko & William Burnham, Law and Legal System of the Russian Federation 529 (1999).
34 Id. at 500–01.
35 Smith, supra note 5, at 105.
36 Id.
37 Id. at 106.
38 Id. at 108.
39 Id.
40 Smith, supra note 5, at 109.
41 Id. at 119.
42 Id. at 121.
43 Id. at 120.
44 Id.
45 Smith, supra note 5, at 126.
46 See Butler, supra note 7, at 176.
47 See Smith, supra note 5, at 129–30.
48 Danilenko & Burnham, supra note 33, at 511.
49 Id.
50 Id.; see also UPK RF, supra note 25, art. 20. But see id. art. 429 (describing the concept of adversarial parties and equality of parties within the context of jury trials).
51 Smith, supra note 5, at 140.
52 Danilenko & Burnham, supra note 33, at 511; see also Konstitutsiia RF [Constitution of the Russian Federtation], art. 123(3) (Russ.) (1993) [hereinafter Konst. RF].
53 Butler, supra note 7, at 245, 246, 248, 252.
54 Id. at 253–55.
55 Id. at 255.
56 See Konst. RF, supra note 52, art. 50(3).
57 Smith, supra note 5, at 146. “Appeals” representing action by the accused, “protests” denoting an action by the victim or procurator. Id.
58 Butler, supra note 7, at 269.
59 Id.
60 Id.
61 Id.
62 Id.
63 Butler, supra note 7, at 269.
64 Id.
65 Id.
66 Id.
67 Id. at 269–70.
68 Butler, supra note 7, at 270.
69 Id.
70 Id.
71 Id.
72 Nikitin Case Verdict St. Petersburg City Court, 29 December, 1999, Supreme Court 2000 Juridicial Files, at http://www.bellona.no/imaker?id=14177&sub=1(last visited Sept. 18, 2000) [hereinafter City Court Verdict].
73 Id.
74 Id.
75 Jon Gauslaa, The Prosecution of Nikitin Lacks Legal Foundation, at http://www.bellona. no/imaker?id=9654&sub=1 (Jan. 29, 1999) [hereinafter Gauslaa, The Prosecution of Nikitin].
76 To the Collegium on Criminal Cases of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, Supreme Court 2000 Juridical Files, at http://www.bellona.no/imaker?id=15981&sub=1 [hereinafter Appeal to the Supreme Court].
77 O Gosudarstvennoi Taine [On State Secrets] art. 5 (Russ.).
78 Konst. RF, supra note 52.
79 See generally id. � 2 (containing the Concluding and Transitional Provisions for the shift of power between the collapsed Soviet system and the new Russian government).
80 Id. � 2, art. 2.
81 See id.
82 City Court Verdict, supra note 72.
83 Gauslaa, Analysis, supra note 8, � 1; City Court Verdict, supra note 72.
84 Id.
85 See Jon Gauslaa, Aleksandr Nikitin vs. the Russian Federation, Background, �1.1, at http://www.bellona.no/imaker?id=9653&sub=1 (Jan. 29, 1999) [hereinafter Gauslaa, Background].
86 See id.
87 Ukaz Prezidenta Rossisskoi Federatsii Ob utverzhdenii perechenya svedenii, otnecenyx k gosudarstvennoi taine [Edict of the President of the Russian Federation on the Confirmation of the List of Information Attributed to State Secrets], Sobr. Zakonod RF, 1995, No. 49 [Nov. 4, 1995], Art. No. 1 (Russ.) [hereinafter Edict 1203:95].
88 Konstitutsionnyi Sud Rossiskoi Federatsii Postanovlenie ot 25 dekabrya 1995 goda N 17-P [Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation Decree from 25 December, 1995, No. 17-P], Sobr. Zakonod. RF, 1996, No. 1 [Jan. 1,1996], Art. No. 54 (Russ.); City Court Verdict, supra note 72.
89 Konst. RF, supra note 52, art. 15(3) (“Laws are subject to official publication. Unpublished laws are not applied. Any normative legal enactments affecting human and civil rights, freedoms and duties cannot be applied unless they have been officially published for universal information.”).
90 Supreme Court Verdict, Supreme Court 2000 Juridical Files (May 9, 2000), at http://www.bellona.no/imaker?id=16713&sub=1 [hereinafter Supreme Court Verdict].
91 Eighth Charge Brought Against Former Russian Naval Officer, Interfax News Agency, July 15, 1999, available at LEXIS, Nexis Library, Russia Country files; Suzanne Thompson, Official: Only Trial Can Clear Nikitin, Moscow Times, Oct. 22, 1997, available at LEXIS, Nexis Library, The Moscow Times.
92 City Court Verdict, supra note 72; see also Ugolovnyi Kodeks RF [Criminal Code of the Russian Federation] [UK RF] art. 275, 283(2) (Russ.).
93 Gauslaa, Background, supra note 85, � 1.1; see also Konstitutsionnyi Sud Rossiskoi Federatsii Postanovlenie ot 27 marta 1996 goda N 8-P [Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation Decree from 27 March 1996 No. 8-p], Sobr. Zakonod. RF, 1996, No. 15, [Apr. 8, 1996], Art. No. 1768 (Russ.).
94 See Gauslaa, Background, supra note 85, � 1.3; see also UPK RF, supra note 25, art. 214(2).
95 Gauslaa, The Prosecution of Nikitin, supra note 75, � 2.1.
96 Appeal to the Supreme Court, supra note 76.
97 Gauslaa, Background, supra note 85, � 1.3.
98 But see List of declarations for Russia, to Human Rights Situation on 01/10/00, Treaty no. 005: Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, available at http://www.conventions.coe.int/treaty/EN/cadreprincipal.htm (last visited Sept. 18, 2000) (declaring that, in regards to the length of pretrial detention, Russia has maintained a reservation with respect to Article 5, points 3 and 4, until such time as Russian legislation can be brought in line with the terms of the treaty).
99 See Resolution About Prolongation of the Time Limit for the Preliminary Investigation, Prosecution (Jan. 27, 1997), available at http://www.bellona.no/imaker?id=7902&sub=1 [hereinafter Prolongation].
100 See id.
101 See id.
102 Gauslaa, The Prosecution of Nikitin, supra note 75, � 2.1.
103 Gauslaa, Background, supra note 85, � 1.3.
104 Id.
105 Charles Digges, Investigators Charge Nikitin with Treason for 5th Time, Moscow Times, Sept. 23, 1997, available at LEXIS, Nexis Library, The Moscow Times.
106 Anna Badken, Nikitin Charged with Treason for 6th Time, Moscow Times, Feb. 27, 1998, available at LEXIS, Nexis Library, The Moscow Times.
107 Gauslaa, Analysis, supra note 8, � 4.3; see also On State Secrets, supra note 77, art. 5.
108 See Gauslaa, Background, supra note 85, � 1.3 (noting that the Duma had found no legal means of enforcing the law On State Secrets and that the Duma had requested that President Yeltsin draft and submit the List of State Secrets before November 5, 1995).
109 Id.
110 Anna Badken, Nikitin Charged with Treason for 6th Time, Moscow Times, Feb. 27, 1998, available at LEXIS, Nexis Library, The Moscow Times.
111 Id.
112 Unauthorized Bellona Translation into English, of a Letter from Prosecutor of the Nikitin Case Aleksandr Gutsan, to the Investigators of the FSB, dated April 1998, at http://www.bellona. no/imaker?sub=1&id=7915 (last visited Sept. 18, 2000)[hereinafter Unauthorized Translation]; see also Gauslaa, The Prosecution of Nikitin, supra note 75, � 2.3 (noting the Office of Procurator General Apr. 21, 1998 memo).
113 Unauthorized Translation, supra note 112.
114 Gauslaa, Analysis, supra note 8, � 2.
115 Gauslaa, Background, supra note 85, � 1.1.
116 Amnesty, Court’s Rejection, supra note 9; see also UPK RF, supra note 25, art. 217.
117 Gauslaa, Background, supra note 85, � 1.2; Amnesty, Court’s Rejection, supra note 9.
118 Gauslaa, Background, supra note 85, � 1.2.
119 See id. � 1.3.
120 See International Secretariat of Amnesty International, Who is Afraid of Aleksandr Nikitin (Feb. 4, 1999), at http://www.bellona.no/imaker?id=9223&sub=1 [hereinafter Amnesty, Afraid].
121 Gauslaa, Background, supra note 85, � 1.3.
122 See Amnesty, Afraid, supra note 120.
123 Eighth Charge Brought Against Former Russian Naval Officer, supra note 91.
124 See City Court Verdict, supra note 72, at 34.
125 Appeal to the Supreme Court, supra note 76, at 1.
126 See Supreme Court Verdict, supra note 90, at 5.
127 Appeal by the Prosecutor General, Supreme Court 2000 Juridical Files, at http://www. bellona.no/imaker?id=17382&sub=1 (last visited Sept. 18, 2000) [hereinafter Appeal to the Presidium].
128 For a further explanation of the Presidium’s structure, see Jon Gauslaa, The Reputation of the Presidium, at http://www.bellona.no/imaker?id=17852&sub=1 (Sept. 11, 2000).
129 Id.
130 Id.
131 Reuters, supra note 2.
132 Id.; see also Supreme Court Verdict, supra note 90.
133 See Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, Nov. 4, 1950, art. 6, Europ. T.S. No. 5 [hereinafter Convention].
134 See id. art. 6(1).
135 See id.; Konst. RF, supra note 52, art. 47(2); UPK RF, supra note 25, art. 232(2).
136 Convention, supra note 133, art. 6(1); see also D. J. Harris et al., Law of the European Convention on Human Rights 217 (1995) (stating that freedom from double jeopardy guaranteed in the Seventh Protocol does not necessarily mean that it is not protected by Article 6(1) of the Convention).
137 Convention, supra note 133, art. 6(2).
138 Adolf v. Austria, App. No. 49, 4 Eur. H.R. Rep. 313 (1994), available at http://www. echr.coe.int/eng.
139 Id. at 324.
140 Jon Gauslaa, Aleksandr Nikitin vs. the Russian Federation, The City Court’s Verdict and the EC on HR, � 3.2.2, at http://www.bellona.no/imaker?id=9655&sub=1 (Jan. 29, 2000) [hereinafter Gauslaa, City Court].
141 Convention, supra note 133, art. 7(1).
142 Kokkinakis v. Greece, App. No. 14307/88, 17 Eur. H.R. Rep. 397, 423 (1994), available at http://www.echr.coe.int/eng.
143 Id.
144 Gauslaa, City Court, supra note 140, � 3.2.2; see also UPK RF, supra note 25, art. 201.
145 Gauslaa, City Court, supra note 140, � 3.2.4.
146 Konst. RF, supra note 52, art. 47(2).
147 Id. art. 47(1).
148.Id. art. 49.
149 Id. art. 54(1), (2); see also UK RF, supra note 92, art. 10.
150 Konst. RF, supra note 52, art. 15(3).
151 See Gauslaa, Background, supra note 85, � 1.3 (referencing Letter No. 314–569 of March 16, 1995, from the chairman of the Security Committee of the Russian State Duma to the Russian Government; Letter No. 314–1982, placing the question on the Duma’s plenary agenda; Resolution No. 1271–1GD, requesting the Government to draft the List of Secrets, found in Russian Federation, Law Files Volume 45, Nov. 6, 1995, page 4291).
152 See id.
153 Gauslaa, Analysis, supra note 8, � 2.
154 Id.
155 Id.
156 Id.
157 Prolongation, supra note 99.
158 Id.
159 Id.
160 Id.
161 Unauthorized Translation, supra note 112.
162 Id.
163 Id.
164 Id.
165 Gauslaa, City Court, supra note 140, � 3.1.1.
166 See Convention, supra note 133, art. 6(1).
167 See UPK RF, supra note 25, art. 5(2).
168 See Convention, supra note 133, art. 7(1); UPK RF, supra note 25, art. 4.
169 See id. arts. 341, 342.
170 See id.
171 See Appeal to the Presidium, supra note 127.
172 See Butler, supra note 7, at 269.
173 See id.
174 See id. at 270.
175 See Convention, supra note 133, art. 6(1).
176 See Konst. RF, supra note 52, art. 50(1).
177 See UPK RF, supra note 25, art. 232.