1 See Craig R. Whitney, Group Running European Union Quits en Mass, N.Y. Times, Mar. 16, 1999, available at LEXIS, News Group File, Most Recent Two Years.
2 Comm. of Indep. Experts, First Report on Allegations Regarding Fraud, Mismanagement and Nepotism in the European Commission, at 9.4.25, available at http://www.europarl.eu.int/experts/en/report1.html (Mar. 15, 1999) [hereinafter First Report].
3 See Alex Blair, Britain Takes Key European Posts, The Scotsman, July 10, 1999, available at LEXIS, News Group File, Most Recent Two Years.
4 See George A. Bermann, Regulatory Decision Making in the European Commission, 1 Colum. J. Eur. L. 415, 415 (1995); The Role of the Commission, available at http://europa.eu. int/comm/role_en.html (last visited Sept. 30, 1999) [hereinafter Role of the Commission].
5 See Geoffrey Edwards & David Spence, The Commission 4 (1995).
6 See Role of the Commission, supra note 4.
7 See id.
8 See id.; Edwards & Spence, supra note 5, at 97–101.
9 See Role of the Commission, supra note 4.
10 See id.
11 See Bermann, supra note 4, at 420.
12 Edwards & Spence, supra note 5, at 40–44.
13 See Role of the Commission, supra note 4.
14 See id.
15 See Edwards & Spence, supra note 5, at 34.
16 See Bermann, supra note 4, at 421.
17 See Clive Archer, Organizing Europe 118–24 (1994).
18 See id. at 118.
19 See id. at 122.
20 Roy Denman, Europeans Need an Accountable, Efficient Commission, Int’l Herald Trib., May 22, 1999, available at 1999 WL 5110302.
21 See Katherine Butler, Europe In Crisis, The Indep. (London), Mar. 21, 1999, available at 1999 WL 5990084.
22 See id.
23 See Peter Conradi & Stephen Grey, Rudderless EU Faces Wholesale Shake-Up, Sund. Times (London), Mar. 21, 1999, available at 1999 WL 14484566.
24 See id.
25 First Report, supra note 2, at 1.1.4.
26 Conradi & Grey, supra note 23.
27 See James Graff, A Euromassacre, Time Mag., Mar. 29, 1999, available at 1999 WL 15940661.
28 See John Laughland, Viewpoint: The Rascals are Creeping Back, The Express, May 7, 1999, available at 1999 WL 5816762.
29 See id.
30 See First Report, supra note 2, at 1.1.2.
31 See generally id. “MED programmes for decentralised cooperation with the countries of the Mediterranean began in 1992 after the Gulf War with Iraq. Their aim was to strengthen political and economic cooperation with the southern Mediterranean countries in order to counterbalance the aid given to the countries of Central and Eastern Europe.” First Report, supra note 2, at 3.1.1. “ECHO, the ‘European Community Humanitarian Office’ was set up on 1 March 1992 to give the European Community a more specialised and effective means for providing aid in emergency relief situations.” Id. at 4.1.1. The Leonardo da Vinci program was responsible for matters concerning education, training and youth. See id. at 5.2.1.
32 See Butler, supra note 21.
33 See id.
34 See Will Someone Please Stand Up, The Bull., Mar. 30, 1999, available at 1999 WL 2274219.
35 Graff, supra note 27.
36 See id.
37 See Laughland, supra note 28.
38 See First Report, supra note 2, at 8.1–8.6.
39 See id. at 9.2.3.
40 Id.
41 See Michael Berendt, European Scandal, CMA Mgmt. Acct. Mag., June 1, 1999, available at 1999 WL 14113310; Richard Watson, Europe’s Rising Tide of Fraud, Pub. Fin., June 4, 1999, available at 1999 WL 15502617.
42 See First Report, supra note 2, at 9.2.7; Berendt, supra note 41.
43 First Report, supra note 2, at 9.4.25.
44 See John Rossant, Europe’s First Prime Minister, Bus. Wk., Sept. 27, 1999, available at 1999 WL 27295205.
45 See Prodi’s People, Times (London), July 15, 1999, available at LEXIS, News Group File, Most Recent Two Years.
46 See Laughland, supra note 28.
47 Stephen Castle, Kinnock Vows to Clean Out Brussels Sleaze, The Indep. (London), Sept. 10, 1999, at 2, available at LEXIS, News Group File, Most Recent Two Years; see Martin Fletcher, Bumpy Start for Kinnock’s Big Clean-Up, Times (London), Sept. 8, 1999, available at LEXIS, News Group File, Most Recent Two Years.
48 Comm. of Indep. Experts, Second Report on Reform of the Commission—Analysis of Current Practice and Proposals for Tackling Mismanagement, Irregularities and Fraud, Vol. I, at 1.1.2–1.1.4, available at http://www.europarl.eu.int/experts (Sept. 9, 1999) [hereinafter Second Report].
49 See id. at 5.14.1.
50 See Peter L. Lindseth, Democratic Legitimacy and the Administrative Character of Supranationalism: The Example of the European Community, 99 Colum. L. Rev. 628, 628 (1999).
51 See Andrew Gumbel, The Saturday Profile: Romano Prodi, President Elect of the European Commission: A Gentleman Among Thieves, The Indep., Apr. 17, 1999, available at LEXIS, News Group File, Most Recent Two Years.
52 See First Report, supra note 2, at 9.4.1; Francesca E. Bignami, The Democratic Deficit in European Community RuleMaking: A Call For Notice and Comment in Comitology, 40 Harv. Int’l L.J. 451, 452 (1999).
53 See Recycling Cars, Scrapping Democracy, Wall St. J. Eur., Jul. 26, 1999, available at 1999 WL-WSJE 18409978 [hereinafter Recycling Cars].
54 See First Report, supra note 2, at 9.3.4; Thomas Christiansen, A Maturing Bureaucracy?, in Eur. Union Power and Policy Making, 84–85 (Jeremy Richardson ed., 1996).
55 See First Report, supra note 2, at 9.2.7; Berendt, supra note 41. Much of the criticism, such as in the MED case, ECHO, Leonardo, Security, Nuclear Safety, involved “underresourcing . . . [and thus] the need to delegate public-sector responsibilities to outside consultants.” See First Report, supra note 2, at 9.2.4–9.2.9.
56 See Berendt, supra note 41.
57 See id.
58 See The Challenge Awaiting Romano Prodi, The Economist, Apr. 3, 1999, available at 1999 WL 7362332; Keeping the EC Clean, The Asian Wall St. J., May 11, 1999, available at 1999 WL-WSJA 5433274.
59 See Keeping the EC Clean, supra note 58.
60 See id.
61 See id.
62 See id.
63 See David M. Wood & Birola A. Yesilada, The Emerging European Union 112–13 (1996); Recycling Cars, supra note 53.
64 See Wood & Yesilada, supra note 63, at 112–113; Bignami, supra note 45.
65 See Nicholas Moussis, Access to European Union 56–59 (1997).
66 Bignami, supra note 52, at 452.
67 See Peter Norman, Low Vote May See Less Abrasive Assembly, Fin. Times (London), June 14, 1999, available at LEXIS, News Group File, Most Recent Two Years.
68 See id.
69 See David Earnshaw & David Judge, From Co-operation to Co-decision, in Eur. Union Power and Policy Making 96–125 (Jeremy Richardson ed., 1996); Wood & Yesilada, supra note 63, at 101–03; Keeping the EC Clean, supra note 58; Little Respect, Less Love, But Growing Power, The Economist, June 12, 1999, available at 1999 WL 7363411 [hereinafter Little Respect].
70 See Little Respect, supra note 69.
71 See Second Report, supra note 48, at 5.4.
72 See id. at 5.9.5. The weaknesses include 1) weak policy on organizational arrangements for inquiries, 2) incorrectly implemented security measures and procedures, 3) insufficient permanent agents, 4) inoperational and ineffective electronic databases, 4) inadequate management and handling of case file information, and 5) difficulties in UCLAF cooperation with Member States. See id.
73 See Commission Amends Statute of Anti-Fraud Office, Eur. Rep., July 3, 1999, available at 1999 WL 8306305 [hereinafter Commission Amends Statute].
74 See id.
75 See id.
76 See id.
77 See Second Report, supra note 48, at 5.9.5–5.9.9 & 5.14.1. For an assessment of OLAF, see generally id., at 5.11.
78 See Commission Amends Statute, supra note 73.
79 See Geoff Winestock, Naming of EU Fraud Prosecutor Urged, Wall St. J. Eur., Sept. 13, 1999, available at 1999 WL-WSJE 18413597; see also Gert Vermeulen, A Judicial Counterpart for Europol: Should the European Union Establish a Network of Prosecuting and Investigating Officials?, 2 UCLA J. Int’l L. & Foreign Aff. 225, 225 (1997) (arguing for coordination of network of Member State police through establishment of central unit).
80 See Recycling Cars, supra note 53. “It will take a cultural revolution at the heart of the Commission to change many of the practices and expectations which have made it a lumbering out of control bureaucracy where nationality counts more than merit and where cronyism is a fact of life.” Butler, supra note 21.
81 See Second Report, supra note 48, at ch. 2.
82 See id.; Christiansen, supra note 54, at 85–91.
83 See Denman, supra note 20; William Echikson, Remake the EC from the Top Down, Bus. Wk., Apr. 5, 1999, available at 1999 WL 8226799; Julie Smith, Twenty Honest Men (or Women), World Today, Aug. 1, 1999, available at 1999 WL 12485452.
84 See Christiansen, supra note 54, at 90–91; Echikson, supra note 83.
85 See Barry James, Ethical Laxity Undermines EU Executive Body, Int’l Herald Trib., July 23, 1999, available at 1999 WL 5112678.
86 See id.
87 See Commons Warns of Need for Tougher Fraud Probes, Fin. Times (London), Aug. 25, 1999, available at LEXIS, News Group File, Most Recent Two Years.
88 See Second Report, supra note 48, at 7.6.8–7.6.11; James, supra note 85.
89 See Stephen Bates, EU Fails To Halt Book By Man Who Revealed Frauds, The Guardian (London), Oct. 13, 1999, available at LEXIS, News Group File, Most Recent Two Years.
90 See id.
91 See id.
92 See Butler, supra note 21; Recycling Cars, supra note 53.
93 See Lindseth, supra note 50, at 672–77.
94 See Business Prepares for New EU Parliament with Teeth, Fin. Times (London), June 10, 1999 available at LEXIS, News Group File, Most Recent Two Years.
95 See Butler, supra note 21.
96 See id.
97 See Bignami, supra note 43, at 462–68; Norman, supra note 67.
98 See Smith, supra note 83.
99 See Second Report, supra note 48, at 5.6.
100 See Commission Amends Statute, supra note 73.
101 See Second Report, supra note 48, at 5.11–5.12.
102 See id. at 5.12.10–5.12.12.
103 Id. at 5.12.11.
104 See Second Report, supra note 48, at 5.12.13–5.12.17; John Mason, Peers Criticize Proposals to Fight Fraud Against EU, Fin. Times (London), May 31, 1999, at 8, available at LEXIS, News Group File, Most Recent Two Years. Corpus Juris sets up a single legal area covering all of the EU over which the EPP would have jurisdiction. It allows for cross border prosecution, detention, arrests, and investigation and is the “embryo of a future European Criminal Code.” See id.; see also, Michael Shrimpton, Freedom’s Flame Flickers, Times (London), Mar. 23, 1999, available at 1999 WL 7981916.
105 See Second Report, supra note 48, at 5.12.10–5.12.12.
106 Id.; see Michael Smith and Emma Tucker, EU Must Set Up Prosecution Office To Tackle Fraud, Fin. Times (London), Sept. 11, 1999, at 2, available at LEXIS, News Group File, Most Recent Two Years.
107 European Commission: Independent Experts Look into European Commission Shortcomings, Eur. Rep., Sept. 11, 1999, available at 1999 WL 8306916.
108 See EU to Set up Fraudbuster in Drive to Clean Image, Fin. Times (London), May 25, 1999, at 3, available at LEXIS, News Group File, Most Recent Two Years [hereinafter EU to Set up Fraudbuster].
109 See Commission Amends Statute, supra note 73.
110 See First Report, supra note 2, at 9.2.3.
111 See Second Report, supra note 48, at 5.1–5.2.
112 See id. at 5.2.1.
113 See id. at 5.12–5.14.
114 See id. at 5.14.8.
115 See Second Report, supra note 48, at 5.14.8.
116 See id.
117 See id. at 5.13.3–5.13.7.
118 See id.
119 See Second Report, supra note 48, at 5.9.5.
120 See id.; Winestock, supra note 79.
121 See Smith, supra note 83.
122 See id.
123 See id.
124 See EU to Set up Fraudbuster, supra note 108.
125 Second Report, supra note 48, at 5.12–5.14.
126 Blair, supra note 3.