* Ass’t Prof. Public Policy, John F. Kennedy School of Gov’t, Harvard U.; Ph.D., 1999, Mass. Inst. Tech.; B.S. Physics, 1990, Mass. Inst. Tech.; B.S. Philosophy, 1990, Mass. Inst. Tech.
1 Leticia Kent, Jane Jacobs: Against Urban Renewal, for Urban Life, N.Y. Times, May 25, 1969 (Magazine), at 35 (quoting Jane Jacobs).
2 See generally Peter Katz, The New Urbanism: Toward an Architecture of Community (1994).
3 See generally Wesley G. Skogan & Susan M. Hartnett, Community Policing, Chicago Style (1997).
4 See id. at 38–69.
5 For beat meeting participation patterns, see Archon Fung, Accountable Autonomy: Toward Empowered Deliberation in Chicago Schools and Policing, 29 Pol. and Soc’y Mar. 2001, at 86–93 and Skogan & Hartnett, supra note 3, at 113–20.
6 Many difficulties are elided in the following discussion of publics under CAPS. The first major omission is that certain interests/views are excluded from the beginning—the interests and views of drug dealers, gangsters, and prostitutes, but also sometimes interests of liquor store owners, landlords, and the homeless. The second major omission, albeit less important, is the degree of conflict present in these publics. The purpose of this discussion is to tease out the problem solving mechanism through which this conflict is transformed into consensus.
This conception of the public (recognizing common problems and then acting collectively and reflectively to solve them) adds nothing fundamental to John Dewey’s conception of the public. See generally John Dewey, The Public and Its Problems (Ohio U. Press 1954) (1927).
7 These figures are reproduced, essentially unchanged, from CAPS training posters.
8 For a general discussion of the various strategies and tactics that emerge from Chicago community policing, see generally Fung, supra note 5, and Wesley Skogan et al., On the Beat (1999).
9 For some observers, graffiti is an expression of natural community or youth art. For others, it is a marker of gang territory (the vernacular term for painting graffiti is “tagging”) and thus uncontrolled space.
10 While useful, both of these measures have fundamental weaknesses. So, for example, many practitioners reason that a wildly successful community policing program will result in higher measured crime rates, because those who trust the police will be more likely to report crimes they know about or witness.
11 Pay phones are sometimes used by sellers of contraband narcotics to conduct business.
12 Chicago, Ill., Housing Code ch. 7-4, �� 8-4-090, 13-12-145 (1996); Ill. Comp. Stat. 5/37-2 (2000).
13 The nuisance abatement law is prosecuted in criminal court, whereas housing courts specialize in enforcement of housing code violations. Since it is difficult to comply with the volumes of housing codes, one tactic of community policing groups has been to encourage selective enforcement of code violations on owners of problematic buildings. Chicago, Ill., Housing Code ch. 7-4, �� 8-4-090, 13-12-145 (1996); 720 Ill. Comp. Stat. 5/37-2 (2000).
14 The details of this case, related above, were provided in a telephone interview with Chicago Police Department officers in the tenth district. See generally Chicago Community Policing Evaluation Consortium, Community Policing in Chicago, Year Two: An Interim Report, Chicago: Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority 41 (1995); Dominque Whelan, Partnerships in Action, in Community Policing Project Papers (1995).
15 The locations on this map have been altered to preserve anonymity. The bus line which runs up Pullman Street breaks at the transfer station, so a northbound passenger rides one bus from Bow Street up to 100th Street, then waits at the transfer station for another bus to take the passenger the rest of the way to 91st Street.
16 Interview with John McDermott, Chicago Alliance for Neighborhood Safety, (Oct. 23, 1995).
17 See generally Jane Jacobs, The Death and Life of Great American Cities (1961).
18 See generally George L. Kelling & Catherine M. Coles, Fixing Broken Windows: Restoring Order and Reducing Crime in Our Communities (1971); James Q. Wilson & George L. Kelling, Making Neighborhoods Safe, Atlantic Monthly, Feb. 2, 1989, at 46 (discussing the “broken windows” theory that minor problems lead to more serious ones).
19 See generally James C. Scott, Seeing Like A State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed (1998).
20 See generally Emily Talen, Sense of Community and Neighborhood Form: An Assessment of the Social Doctrine of New Urbanism, 36 Urb. Studies 1361 (1999).
21 See Susan Fainstein, New Directions in Planning Theory, Urb. Aff. Rev., Mar. 2000, at 451 (discussing alleged alternative frames for considering urban problems and solutions).
22 See Archon Fung, Contract Expired: Is Chicago Poised to Take the Community Out of Community Policing?, Neighborhood Works, Mar.–Apr. 1997, at 8.