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%$F%7Understanding Technology Use Using Multilevel Modeling nLaura M. O Dwyer inTASC Boston College April 21st, 2003:8'  =$Technology Use and Previous Research6Becker, Ravitz & Anderson et al (1998) found that teacher technology use was influenced by: Teachers pedagogy and philosophy Subject area and grade level Access to technology and the location of the technology School Climate/Culture Lemke  school/district leadership effect use l\ZZ1ZZ\ 1 >?G& What are Multilevel Techniques? Ideal for use with data that are nested Teachers are nested within schools or districts Generalization of OLS regression in which a regression equation is created for each level of data Regression coefficients refer to specific levels in the data Total variance in the outcome is partitioned into within group and between group components Add predictors that explain the available variance Available software such as HLM, MLwin etc. )Z0ZcZZZ)"0"" b"""BWhy use Multilevel Techniques?Provide increased power in the prediction of outcomes Can avoid within group dependency Can avoid aggregation bias Allows for the heterogeneity of regression slopesd6"2I(-Modeling Outcomes Using Multilevel Techniques Partition the variance into its within and between group components the unconditional model Add predictors that explain some of the available varianceJE<D;K*<Example: Modeling Teacher Use of Technology for Preparation =<$USEIT Study conducted by inTASC Outcome variable: Teacher use of technology for preparation 4 Item scale Mean = 0, s.d. = 1 4+# " )"  " " a:  FvVariance Structure  Teacher Technology Use for Preparation 9Statistical Models$Level 1 Equation Level 2 Equation F%$ $ EAOLS v Multilevel Solution C ConclusionsMultilevel modeling provides better representation of the effects of school and district characteristics Can model different relationships within schools Ideal for modeling technology use where school, district and policies may have powerful effects &Z b ` 33` Sf3f` 33g` f` www3PP` ZXdbmo` \ғq>9y`Ӣ` 3f3ff` 3f3FKf` hk]wwwfܹ` ff>>\`Y{ff` R>&- {p_/̴>?" dd@(|?" dd@   " @ ` n?" dd@   @@``PR    @ ` ` p>> XP"(    0D0 `  T Click to edit Master title style! !  0E0 P  RClick to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level!     S  A޽h ?Macintosh HD:Users:tom:intasc:inTASC presentations:presentation graphics:intascHandforPP.jpg 33 $Blank Presentation (    0 P   ؔ T*    0p    ؔ V*  d  c $ ?  ؔ  00  @ ؔ RClick to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level!     S  6 `P  ؔ T*    6 `  ؔ V*  H  0޽h ? ̙33 p8(    0 P   ؔ >*   0    ؔ @*   6` `P  ؔ >*   6 `  ؔ @* H  0޽h ? ̙33 00( w x  c $ ` D x  c $` ` 0  D H  0޽h ? 33  $(  r  S  `  D r  S   D H  0޽h ? 33 @!(    s *f ,$D   s *p ,$D   s *33p,$D   <  ,$D  8Vision  <@2 / ,$D  ; Resources   <2  ,$D  T Curriculum & Instructional Model!!   <3 M ,$D  HPolicies and Standards   <4  ,$D  < Leadership    <6 pC,$D  APhysical Infra.   < 7 ?=,$D  CSupport/Personnel   <@8 ` ,$D  DProf. Development.  <`9  - ,$D  CSchool Leadership  <: 7 ,$D  DPrincipal. Beliefs  <; P @p ,$D  HPrincipal Preparedness  <l    ,$D  ATeacher Beliefs  <k  @ B ,$D   FTeacher Preparedness  <m 0s,$D   ? Home Resource  <n P `p,$D   ; Education   <o   ,$D  ; Resources   6p p`i,$D  :Students   <r p  ,$D 5Use  <r P  p ,$D  @School CultureB  6D>pp,$D  B  6D>  ,$D  B  6D>,$D 2  6jJ` ! ,$D   <s Pp,$D  ; Community   Bu _<,$D  @District Level   B0v _O ,$D  8School ! Bv  ,$D  7ClassH  0޽h ? 33A P (  2  B jJ ,$D  < 2  6jJ0,$D   0   ,$D  n6Teachers Use of Technology  0p @Pn,$D  PDistrict Characteristics  0    ,$D  NSchool Characteristics   0   ,$D  QPrincipal CharacteristicsH  0޽h ? 33  6( @ ~  s *   D x  c $@ D H  0޽h ? 33  $(  r  S 0  D r  S `0 D H  0޽h ? 33  0(  x  c $ `  D x  c $P D H  0޽h ? 33  0(  x  c $   D x  c $P D H  0޽h ? 33/   o(    0  sUnconditional Model Models  ("  0p P $Level 1 Equation Level 2 Equation l% ' ' ' '  R  s *X  c &A  &??*pN8 &$D R  s *|R   s *   c &A $?? p  8 $$D H  0޽h ? 33  $4(  $r $ S    D  $ BA ?  DH $ 0޽h ? 33  :2 (  r  S ``  D r  S P D R  s *X  8A S??:8 S$D R  s *|R   s *R   s *l   c &A ??@ p 8 $D H  0޽h ? 33D `(    0  ` b Predictors   (  0  @ "Teacher Characteristics Teacher pedagogical beliefs Teacher beliefs about technology Teacher confidence using technology School Characteristics School mean student ease of access to technology at home School mean perception of obstacles to technology use School mean principals emphasis on technology District Characteristics Professional development focuses on technology District leaders discuss technology Variety of available tech-related professional development 8 a      a ' 'H  0޽h ? 33`  (   r   S P`  D )8 \>0  >\0   6 O0 > L OLS Solution$    6@G0> S $  !  6}Qu UMultilevel Solution& "  60~Q S $ B #  3  @  $  6~jb \Teachers Use Technology For $ %  6+ K Preparation$  &  60: S $  '  6J   K Coefficient$  (  6   S $  )  6p< Ap$ *  6 A-$ +  6P Evalue$ ,  6 S $  -  6p K Coefficient$  .  6 S $  /  6 Ap$ 0  60# A-$ 1  6#V Evalue$ 2  6pLm S $ B 3  3   B 4  3   B 5  3  B 6  3  B 7  3  B 8  3 vB 9  3 v{B :  3 {B ;  3   x <  6  f(Student ease of access to technology at ")( =  6± Phome (school mean)" >  6ı Q "  ?  6pı   C0.334" @  6ű +  Q "  A  6űu C0.098" B  6DZ Q "  C  6pDZ1^ C0.462" D  6ȱVw Q "  E  6ȱ K0.015* F  6ʱ3 Q " B G  3 \x_|B H  3 _xd|B I  3 dx |B J  3  x |B K  3  x |B L  3  x|B M  3 x |B N  3  x|B O  3  x|B P  3 xv|B Q  3 vx{|B R  3 {x|B S  3  | B T  3  | U  6 STeachers report that " V  6  X technology quality is an " W  6 Oobstacle (school " X  6r D mean)" Y  6]]   Z  6`Fg Q "  [  6   ?-" \  6 %  C0.147" ]  6` ?  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PresentationMicrosoft Equation8Understanding Technology Use Using Multilevel Modeling %Technology Use and Previous ResearchPowerPoint PresentationPowerPoint Presentation!What are Multilevel Techniques? Why use Multilevel Techniques?.Modeling Outcomes Using Multilevel Techniques=Example: Modeling Teacher Use of Technology for Preparation PowerPoint Presentation<Variance Structure Teacher Technology Use for PreparationStatistical ModelsPowerPoint PresentationOLS v Multilevel Solution Conclusions  Fonts UsedDesign TemplateEmbedded OLE Servers Slide Titles'_iCTThomas Hoffmann