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If so, in what ways? (quantity and/or quality) Does the impact of word processing on student writing vary according to other factors, such as student-level characteristics (grade level, keyboarding skills, urban/suburban/rural school setting, etc.)$$ Meta-Analysis Gene Glass - the first to propose such methods and coined the term in 1976.  Meta analysis refers to the analysis of analyses & it & refer[s] to the statistical analysis of a large collection of results from individual studies for the purpose of integrating the findings. It connotes a rigorous alternative to the casual, narrative discussions of research studies which typify our attempts to make sense of the rapidly expanding research literature .4M v   Methodology  Employed procedures detailed by Lipsey and Wilson (2001) as well as those set forth by Hedges and Olkin (1985). Five main phases: identification of relevant studies determination for inclusion coding effect size extraction and calculation, and data analyses.., ; Determination for inclusionJCriteria: Quantitative study conducted between 1992-2002 Results reported in a way that would allow effect size calculation Research design that employed a measure of word-processing s impact on writing over time OR a direct comparison between paper-and-pencil and computerized writing Quality and/or quantity of student writing and/or revision of student writing as its outcome measure(s). Not specifically focus on the effects of grammar- and spell-checkers or heavily multimedia enhanced software Not examine the differences in writing within the context of a test administration (i.e., mode of administration rather than mode of learning) focus on students in Grades K-12.B   Articles collected (N=99) Coding of outcome measures&0 (Extracting and calculating effect sizes&)(0 9Adjusting for bias and applying inverse variance weights&:90 %Significance and homogeneity analysis&&%0 Summary of findings- Quantity&0  Summary of findings- Quantity(2)&! 0 Summary of findings- Quality&0  Summary of findings- Quality(2)& 0 !Summary of findings- Revisions&0 "%Summary of findings Excluded studies&&%0 # Conclusions&  0  ` 33` Sf3f` 33g` f` www3PP` ZXdbmo` \ғq>9y`Ӣ` 3f3ff` 3f3FKf` hk]wwwfܹ` ff>>\`Y{ff` R>&- {p_/̴>?" dd@(|?" dd@   " @ ` n?" dd@   @@``PX    @ ` `p>> XP"(    0D0 `  T Click to edit Master title style! !  0`E0 P  RClick to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level!     S  A޽h ?Macintosh HD:Users:tom:intasc:inTASC presentations:presentation graphics:intascHandforPP.jpg 33 $Blank Presentationa     ( MT    0 F0 p D T Click to edit Master title style! !  0F0    D W#Click to edit Master subtitle style$ $  A޽h ?Macintosh HD:Users:tom:intasc:inTASC presentations:presentation graphics:intascHandforPP.jpg 33 `( x   0P$ P   ؔ H*   0Р$    ؔ J*    60$ `P  ؔ H*   6P$ `  ؔ J*  H  0޽h ? ̙33  ZR0$(    00u p lXThe Effect of Computers on Student Writing: A Meta-Analysis of Studies from 1992 to 2002  0v    lAmie Goldberg, Michael Russell, & Abigail Cook Technology and Assessment Study Collaborative, Boston Collegemmh  A޽h ?Macintosh HD:Users:tom:intasc:inTASC presentations:presentation graphics:intascHandforPP.jpg 33  f^@0( ~@2@ x  c $@`  D x  c $   D   A޽h ?Macintosh HD:Users:tom:intasc:inTASC presentations:presentation graphics:intascHandforPP.jpg 33  f^P00(  0x 0 c $`  D x 0 c $  D  0 A޽h ?Macintosh HD:Users:tom:intasc:inTASC presentations:presentation graphics:intascHandforPP.jpg 33  f^`0( ~@2@ x  c $Ъ`  D x  c $PP D   A޽h ?Macintosh HD:Users:tom:intasc:inTASC presentations:presentation graphics:intascHandforPP.jpg 33  f^p40( < 4x 4 c $P`  D x 4 c $p  D  4 A޽h ?Macintosh HD:Users:tom:intasc:inTASC presentations:presentation graphics:intascHandforPP.jpg 33  f^80(  8x 8 c $0`  D x 8 c $P  D  8 A޽h ?Macintosh HD:Users:tom:intasc:inTASC presentations:presentation graphics:intascHandforPP.jpg 33  f^@0(  @x @ c $`  D x @ c $  D  @ A޽h ?Macintosh HD:Users:tom:intasc:inTASC presentations:presentation graphics:intascHandforPP.jpg 33  F>D(  Dx D c $p`  D X D 0A?  D A޽h ?Macintosh HD:Users:tom:intasc:inTASC presentations:presentation graphics:intascHandforPP.jpg 33  P_( X7 Px P c $`  D  P 00P D 2   P 0`P0  Quality holistic (n=10) vs. individual dimension scores (n=5) Quantity number of words (n=14) Revision diverse operational definitions- insertions, deletions, corrections, surface/format changes, content/meaning changes (n=6)|> 20P2$6$$| P A޽h ?Macintosh HD:Users:tom:intasc:inTASC presentations:presentation graphics:intascHandforPP.jpg 33.  X(  Xx X c $`  D  X 0P D 2  D X 0К$`` " Calculation: mean performance difference between computerized and paper-and pencil groups divided by the pooled standard deviation .2 thru .5 - small .5 thru .8 - medium .8 or higher - large Unit of analysis:  independent study finding -- controls for Type I errors  2 2 2BL  X A޽h ?Macintosh HD:Users:tom:intasc:inTASC presentations:presentation graphics:intascHandforPP.jpg 33Q  \(   \x \ c $$`  D  \ 0$P D 2   \ 00$P0 q B(2 2    \ 0$I .Each effect size multiplied by the inverse of its sampling variance in order to give more weight to findings based on larger sample sizes Outlier analysis (+ or - 2 SD), publication bias (Forest plots, funnel plots, and fail-safe N analysis)   2  \ A޽h ?Macintosh HD:Users:tom:intasc:inTASC presentations:presentation graphics:intascHandforPP.jpg 33  7/`(  `x ` c $$`  D  ` 0@P D 2   ` 0pwP0 q B(2 2   d ` 0u  Set of independent effect sizes were aggregated and tested for homogeneity: is the group of effect sizes part of the same population, and thus, are not influenced by any other variable? . 2 X ` 0A?0 p4 ` A޽h ?Macintosh HD:Users:tom:intasc:inTASC presentations:presentation graphics:intascHandforPP.jpg 33  h( H hx h c $$`  D  h 08P D 2   h 00P0 q B(2 2   X h 0A?@p h A޽h ?Macintosh HD:Users:tom:intasc:inTASC presentations:presentation graphics:intascHandforPP.jpg 33I  p( f0]y0 px p c $!`  D  p 0!P D 2   p 0P0 q B(2 2    p 0p#pm &Regression analyses: following groups of variables were not significant factors affecting the quantity: student supports (keyboard training in study, technical assistance, teacher feedback, and peer editing) student characteristics (keyboard training prior to study, student achievement level, school setting and grade level) study characteristics (i.e., publication type, presence of control group, pre-post design, length of study) Regression analyses on subset of studies with interventions longer than six weeks revealed: effect sizes were larger for studies situated in middle and high school students as compared with elementary school students.z 28.L]}  p A޽h ?Macintosh HD:Users:tom:intasc:inTASC presentations:presentation graphics:intascHandforPP.jpg 33   l(  lx l c $&`  D  l 0p&P D 2   l 0 P0 q B(2 2   X l 0A? l A޽h ?Macintosh HD:Users:tom:intasc:inTASC presentations:presentation graphics:intascHandforPP.jpg 33  ?70t (  tx t c $'`  D  t 0P(P D 2   t 0P0 q B(2 2    t 0)P lRegression analyses: following groups of variables were not significant factors affecting the quantity: student supports (keyboard training in study, technical assistance, teacher feedback, and peer editing, etc.) study characteristics (i.e., publication type, presence of control group, pre-post design, length of study, etc.) However in analyzing student characteristics, a significant, positive relationship was found between grade level and effect size. Regression analyses on subset of studies with interventions longer than six weeks revealed no significant relationships, indicating relationship between school level and quality occurred regardless of length of study. 28."1< t A޽h ?Macintosh HD:Users:tom:intasc:inTASC presentations:presentation graphics:intascHandforPP.jpg 33  @x(  xx x c $p `  D  x 00$P D 2   x 0$P0 q B(2 2   T x 0 ;PQ   Meta-analytic techniques could not be applied Nonetheless, all six studies reported more changes to their writing between drafts with word processors as compared with paper-and-pencil. 2 x A޽h ?Macintosh HD:Users:tom:intasc:inTASC presentations:presentation graphics:intascHandforPP.jpg 33m  P|(  |x | c $C`  D  | 00DP D 2   | 0pCP0 q B(2 2    | 0DP[ JSixty-five articles were determined to be focused on the effects of computers on student writing Some not on variables of our interest Some did not report statistics necessary to calculate effect sizes Others employed qualitative methodologies and covered such topics as: writing as a social process writing as an iterative process computers and motivation keyboarding and computers generally positive effects on student writing 2o 2. 2Fo. | A޽h ?Macintosh HD:Users:tom:intasc:inTASC presentations:presentation graphics:intascHandforPP.jpg 33  E=`(  x  c $I`  D   00JP D 2    0PHP0 q B(2 2     0JP rComputers have a positive impact on the quantity and quality of student writing Similar to previous era of research: fairly large positive effect on quantity of writing Relationship between computers and quality of writing appears to have strengthened over time: On average students who develop their writing skills while using a computer produce written work that is .4 standard deviations higher in quality than those students who learn to write on paper. 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MethodologyDetermination for inclusionArticles collected (N=99)Coding of outcome measures)Extracting and calculating effect sizes:Adjusting for bias and applying inverse variance weights&Significance and homogeneity analysisSummary of findings- Quantity!Summary of findings- Quantity(2)Summary of findings- Quality Summary of findings- Quality(2)Summary of findings- Revisions&Summary of findings Excluded studies Conclusions  Fonts UsedDesign Template Slide Titles'_ CTThomas Hoffmann