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Distance, Virtual, and Open Education

Africa-America Institute and the African Virtual University. (2002). Are African Workers Prepared to Compete in the Global Economy? Symposium of the African Technology for Education and Workforce Development Initiative. New York: Africa-America Institute.

Arger, G. (1990). Distance education in the Third World: Critical analysis on the promise and the reality. Open Learning, 5(2), 9–18.

Baranshamaje, E. [n.d.]. The African virtual university: Knowledge is power. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank.

Braimoh, Dele. (2003). "Transforming Tertiary Institutions for Mass Higher Education through Distance and Open Learning Approaches in Africa: A Telescopic View." South African Journal of Higher Education, 17 (3), pp. 13-25.

Butcher, Neil and Hafiz Wali. (2001). Building Capacity to Deliver Distance Education in Nigeria's Federal University System. Vancouver, Canada: Commonwealth of Learning.

Chale, E. M. & Michaud, P. (1997). Distance learning for change in Africa: A case study of Senegal and Kenya. Ottawa, Canada: IDRC Study/ Acacia Initiative, International Development Research Center.

Cloete, Nico, and Teboho Moja. (2000). Vanishing Borders and New Boundaries in the Information Society. Pretoria: Centre for Higher Education Transformation.

Cronje, J. (1997). Interactive Internet: using the Internet to facilitate co-operative distance learning. South African Journal of Higher Education, 11(2), 149–156.

Cummings, C. & Olaloku, F. A. (1993). The correspondence and Open Studies Institute, University of Lagos. In H. Perraton (Ed.), Distance education for teacher training. London: Routledge.

Jenkins, J. (1989). Some trends in distance education in Africa: An examination of the past and future role of distance education as a tool for national development. Distance Education, 10(1), 41–48.

John, M. (1996). Distance education in Sub-Saharan Africa: The next five years. Innovations in education and training international, 33(1), 50–57.

Juma, M. (1998). "The African Virtual University Project: The Case of Kenyatta University, Kenya." In Juma Shabani (ed.), Higher Education in Africa: Achievements, Challenges and Prospects. Dakar: UNESCO Regional Office for Africa (BREDA).

Light, David A. (1999). "Pioneering Distance Education in Africa." Harvard Business Review, 77 (5), p. 26.

Makau, B. (1993). The external degree programme at the University of Nairobi. In H. Perraton (Ed.), Distance education for teacher training. London: Routledge.

Mensah, Stephen K. E., and Francis Owusu-Mensah. (2002). "Priorities and Strategies for Capacity Building in Tertiary Distance Education for Human Resources Development in Ghana." Research report. Accra, Ghana: National Council for Tertiary Education.

Ministry of Education (1997). Using distance education at a distance: Internatinal perspective. Dakar: Department of Higher Education, Ministry of National Education.

Ministry of Education (1997). Using distance education for higher education in Senegal. Dakar: Department of Higher Education, Ministry of National Education.

Mmari, G. (1998). Increasing access to higher education: The experience of the Open University of Tanzania, Higher education in Africa: Achievements, challenges and prospects. Dakar: UNESCO Regional Office for Education in Africa.

Moyo, Stanley. (2003). "Distance Learning and Virtual Education for Higher Education in Africa: Evaluation of Options and Strategies." African and Asian Studies, 2 (4), pp. 497-521.
Murphy, Paud and Abdelwahed Zhiri, Eds. 1992. Distance Education in Anglophone Africa: Experience with Secondary Education and Teacher Training. EDI Development Policy Case Series No. 9. Washington, DC: World Bank.

Murphy, P. & Zhiri, A. (1992). Distance education in Anglophone Africa: Experience with secondary education and teacher training. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank.

Murphy, P., Anzalone, S., Bosch, A. and Moulton, J. (2002). Enhancing Learning Opportunities in Africa: Distance Education and Communication and Information Technologies for Learning. Africa Region Human Development Working Paper Series. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank.

Musa, B. M. (1994). Extension education and the role of university extension department. International Review of Education, 40(2).

Ng'andwe, A. (1995). Distance education at the University of Zambia: Problems of quality and management. Higher Education Policy, 8(1), 44–47.

Nyirenda, J. (1989). Organization of distance education at the University of Zambia: An analysis of the practice. Distance Education 10(1): 148–156.

Odumbe, J. (1988). The establishment and the development of the external degree programs of the University of Nairobi. In D. Sewart & J. S. Daniel (Eds.), Developing distance education. Oslo: International Council for Distance Education.

Okuni, Akim. (2000). "Higher education through the internet: expectations, reality and challenges of the African virtual university." Development and Cooperation, No. 2, March-April, pp. 23-25.

Pecku, N. K. (1988). Survey of current status of distance education in Cameroon. Vancouver, Canada: Commonwealth of Learning.

Perraton, H. (Ed.). (1986). Distance education: An economic and educational assessment of its potential for Africa. Washington, D.C.: Education and Training Department, The World Bank.

Perraton, H. (2000). Open and distance learning in developing world. New York, NY: Routledge.

Robert & Associates. (1998). Tertiary distance learning in Sub-Saharan Africa: Overview and directory to programs. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank.

Ruijter, C. T. & Van Weeren, J. H. (1989). Computer assisted learning in higher education in developing countries. In H. Oosthoek & T. Vroeijenstijn (Eds.), Higher education and new technologies (pp. 461–472). New York, NY: Pergamon Press.

Rumble, G. (1992). The management of distance learning systems. Paris: UNESCO, International Institute for Educational Planning.

Saint, William. (2000). Tertiary Distance Education and Technology in Sub-Saharan Africa. Education and Technology Technical Note Series, Vol. 5, No. l. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank.

Saint, W. (2003). Tertiary Distance Education and Technology in Sub-Saharan Africa. In Damtew Teferra & Philip. G. Altbach, (Eds.), African Higher Education: An International Reference Handbook (pp. 93-110). Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.

Senegal, Republic of. (1997). "Using Distance Education for Higher Education in Senegal." Dakar: Department of Higher Education, Ministry of National Education.

Shabani, Juma. (1995). "Higher Education in Sub-Saharan Africa: Strategies for the Improvement of the Quality of Training." Quality in Higher Education, 1 (2), pp. 173-178.
South African Institute for Distance Education. 1999. "Distance Education and Educational Technology Choices in South Africa." http://www.saide.org.za

Smit, P. (2002). Private education: Competitor or partner in the provision of education in South Africa? Open Learning through Distance Education, 2nd Quarter, 9-12.

South African Institute for Distance Education. (1995). Open learning and distance education in South Africa: Report of an international commission, January-April 1994. Manzini: Macmillan.

Taylor, R. (1990). South Africa's open universities: Challenging apartheid? Higher Education Review, 22(3), 5–17.

Till, Graham. (2003). Harnessing Distance Learning and ICT for Higher Education in Sub-Saharan Africa. United Kingdom: Burnham Business College.

Wakatama, Matthew A. (1983). Correspondence Education in Central Africa: An Alternative Route to Higher Education in Developing Countries. Landam, Maryland: University Press of America.

Dissertations

Blignaut, A. S. (1997). An instructional model for the integration of computer and research skills on the higher educational level (Afrikaans Text). Ph.D. dissertation, University of Pretoria (South Africa).

Elsiddig, M. O. (1990). Expanding higher education and the Open University: The case of Sudan as an example for developing countries. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Bath (United Kingdom).

Mailafiya, M. G. (1986). Nigeria and the open university system. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Glasgow (United Kingdom).

Ogunmilade, C. A. (1978). Television in higher education: the application of instructional television to general studies courses, University of Ife, Nigeria: A case study. Ph.D. dissertation, Indiana University.

Rishante, J. S. (1985). An investigation into the attitudes of Nigerian academics toward a distance education innovation. Ph.D. dissertation, Syracuse University.

Siaciwena, R. (1988). A Study of Distance Teaching at the University of Zambia with Special Reference to the Effectiveness of Degree Courses. Ph.D. dissertation. University of Wales.

Tau, Ontiretse Seboneng. (2002). An Analysis of Distance Education at the University of Botswana from a Systems Perspective. Ed.D. dissertation. Northern Illinois University.

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