* Heather Berit Freeman is an Executive Editor for the Boston College International & Comparative Law Review.
1 Alex Blair, Xenophobia Triumphs in Austria’s Historic Poll, The Scotsman, Oct. 4, 1999, at 9, available at LEXIS, News Library, Major Newspapers File; William Drozdiak, Rightist Party Gains in Austrian Elections, Wash. Post, Oct. 4, 1999, at A16, available at LEXIS, News Library, Major Newspapers File; Carol J. Williams, Far Right Tears Up Austria’s Political Turf, L.A. Times, Oct. 4, 1999, at A1, available at LEXIS, News Library, Major Newspapers File.
2 Julie Kim & Karen Donfried, Austria: Controversial Government and European Diplomatic Sanctions 6 (CRS Rep. for Congress RL30455, 2000); Williams, supra note 1, at A1.
3 Kim & Donfried, supra note 2, at 6.
4 Donald G. McNeil, Jr., Austrian Politician Sometimes Down but Never Out, N.Y. Times, July 23, 2000, at A3, available at LEXIS, News Library, Major Newspapers File.
5 Suzanne Daley, Europe Lifts Sanctions on Austria, but Vows Vigilance, N.Y. Times, Sept. 13, 2000, at A6, available at LEXIS, News Library, Major Newspapers File [hereinafter Daley, Europe Lifts Sanctions].
6 Treaty on European Union, Oct. 2, 1997, art. 7, 1997 O.J. (C 340) 145 (as amended 1999)[hereinafter TEU].
7 Id.
8 See id. arts. 6, 7; Kim & Donfried, supra note 2, at 8.
9 See id. at 7, 8.
10 Id. at 8.
11 See Press Statement of the Austrian Foreign Minister Mrs. Benita Fererro-Waldner (Feb. 14, 2000), at http://www.austria.it/fwraa02.htm (last visited Oct. 11, 2000) [hereinafter Press Statement].
12 Martti Ahtisaari, Jochen Frowein, Marcelino Oreja, Report [to the President of the European Council] ¶ 117, (Sept. 8, 2000), available at http:www.eumc.at/general/report-A/report-en.pdf (last updated Sept. 11, 2000) [hereinafter Report]; Inter-Governmental Conference: Progress on Closer Co-Operation and Article 7, Eur. Rep., Oct. 11, 2000, available at LEXIS, European Library [hereinafter Inter-Governmental Conference].
13 Kim & Donfried, supra note 2, at 1.
14 Id.
15 Id.
16 Herbert Hausmaninger, The Austrian Legal System 7 (1998).
17 Kim & Donfried, supra note 2, at 1.
18 Id.
19 Id. at 1–2.
20 Id.
21 Hausmaninger, supra note 16, at 14; Kim & Donfried, supra note 2, at 2.
22 Id.
23 Kim & Donfried, supra note 2, at 2.
24 Id.
25 See id.
26 Id.
27 Id.
28 Kim & Donfried, supra note 2, at 2–3.
29 Hausmaninger, supra note 16, at 1; Kim & Donfried, supra note 2, at 3.
30 Hausmaninger, supra note 16, at 1.
31 Kim & Donfried, supra note 2, at 3.
32 Hausmaninger, supra note 16, at 46.
33 Id.
34 Id. at 43, 46.
35 Id. at 43–44.
36 Id. at 44.
37 See Hausmaninger, supra note 16, at 43–44.
38 Id. at 46.
39 Id. at 46–47.
40 See id. at 36.
41 Id. at 39.
42 Hausmaninger, supra note 16, at 39 n.9.
43 Id.
44 Kim & Donfried, supra note 2, at 3.
45 Id.
46 See id.
47 Kim & Donfried, supra note 2, at 3.
48 Id.; Hausmaninger, supra note 16, at 41.
49 Id.
50 Kim & Donfried, supra note 2, at 4.
51 Hausmaninger, supra note 16, at 41.
52 Kim & Donfried, supra note 2, at 4.
53 Id.
54 Hausmaninger, supra note 16, at 42.
55 Id.
56 Kim & Donfried, supra note 2, at 4.
57 Hausmaninger, supra note 16, at 42.
58 Id.
59 Hausmaninger, supra note 16, at 42; Williams, supra note 1, at A1.
60 Hausmaninger, supra note 16, at 42.
61 Drozdiak, supra note 1, at A16.
62 Id.; Kim & Donfried, supra note 2, at 4.
63 Kim & Donfried, supra note 2, at 4.
64 Id. at 2.
65 Id. at 15.
66 Id.
67 Id. at 4.
68 Kim & Donfried, supra note 2, at 4; Drozdiak, supra note 1, at A16.
69 Kim & Donfried, supra note 2, at 4.
70 Williams, supra note 1, at A1.
71 Philip Sherwell, International: Austrian Shift to Right Risks Jewish Exodus, Sunday Tel. (London), Oct. 10, 1999, at 26, available at LEXIS, News Library, Major Newspapers File.
72 Kim & Donfried, supra note 2, at 5.
73 Id.
74 Id.
75 Sherwell, supra note 71, at 26.
76 Id.
77 Dominic Lawson, I lead. I lead. I lead the People,. Sunday Tel. (London), Feb. 13, 2000, at 20; Sherwell, supra note 71, at 26.
78 Lawson, supra note 77, at 20.
79 Kim & Donfried, supra note 2, at 15.
80 Id. at 15–16.
81 Drozdiak, supra note 1, at A16.
82 Id.; Kim & Donfried, supra note 2, at 5.
83 Id. at 5–6.
84 Id. at 6.
85 Id. at 5–6.
86 Id. at 6.
87 Kim & Donfried, supra note 2, at 6.
88 Id.
89 Id.
90 Id. at 8.
91 Id.
92 Kim & Donfried, supra note 2, at 8; see Jonathan Clarke, Is the EU Ready for Prime Time?, L.A. Times, Feb. 10, 2000, at B9, available at LEXIS, News Library, Major Newspapers File.
93 Kim & Donfried, supra note 2, at 8.
94 TEU, supra note 6, art. 7.
95 Id.
96 Id.
97 Kim & Donfried, supra note 2, at 8.
98 Dr. Wolfgang Schussel & Dr. Joerg Haider, Responsibility for Austria—A Future in the Heart of Europe, (Feb. 3, 2000), at http://austria.org/newgovt1.htm, (last visited Oct. 11, 2000) [hereinafter Responsibility for Austria].
99 Id.
100 Id.
101 Id.
102 Austria—Haider’s Views Condemned, Eur. Parl. Daily Notebook (Feb. 3, 2000), at http://www.europarl.eu.int/dg3/sdp/journ/en/n0002031.htr (last visited Oct. 1, 2000).
103 Id.
104 Id.
105 Daley, Europe Lifts Sanctions, supra note 5, at A6.
106 Id.
107 Suzanne Daley, Report Clears Way for Europe to Drop Austrian Sanctions, N.Y. Times, Sept. 9, 2000, at A1, available at LEXIS, News Library, Major Papers File.
108 Id.
109 Drozdiak, supra note 1, at A28.
110 Responsibility for Austria, supra note 98.
111 Report, supra note 12, ¶ 86.
112 Id. ¶¶ 73–75.
113 Hausmaninger, supra note 16, at 116.
114 Id.
115 Report, supra note 12, ¶¶ 73–75.
116 Id. ¶ 74.
117 Id. ¶ 75.
118 See id. ¶¶ 73–75.
119 Press Statement, supra note 11.
120 Id.
121 Id.
122 See id.
123 Id.
124 See Report, supra note 12, ¶ 107.
125 Id. ¶¶ 20, 24, 25.
126 Id. ¶ 26.
127 Id. ¶ 25.
128 Id. ¶ 51.
129 Kim & Donfried, supra note 2, at 5.
130 Id.
131 Id.
132 Id.
133 Inter-Governmental Conference, supra note 12.
134 See id.
135 Id.; Report, supra note 12, ¶ 117.
136 Report, supra note 12, ¶ 117.
137 TEU, supra note 6, art. 6, § 1 (providing “The Union is founded on the principles of liberty, democracy, respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, and the rule of law, principles which are common to the Member States.”).
138 Inter-Governmental Conference, supra note 12.
139 Report, supra note 12, ¶ 119.
140 Id.
141 Judy Dempsy, Foreign Ministers Shy Away from Poll Comment, Fin. Times, May 15, 2001, at 10, available at LEXIS, News Library, Major Papers File.
142 Treaty of Nice, Feb. 26, 2001, art.1, 2001 O.J. (C 80); see TEU, supra note 6, art. 6.
143 Treaty of Nice, supra note 142, art. 1.
144 European Commission, Guide for the European Citizen: Who’s Who in the European Union? What Difference Will the Treaty of Nice Make?, at http://europa.eu.int/comm/igc2000/ dialogue/info/offdoc/guidecitoyen_en.pdf (last visited Oct. 2, 2001).